Distribution of patterns.

Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/3/328/pdf?version=1645698006

Tropical Forest Landscape Restoration in Indonesia: A Review

. Ariawan I, Herdiyeni Y, Siregar IZ. 2020. Short Communication: Geometric morphometric analysis of leaves venation in Shorea spp. for identification using Digital Image Processing. Biodiversitas 21: 3303-3309. Shorea is one of the genera of the Dipterocarpaceae family which consists of more than 190 species. Massive exploitation of forests has threatened the sustainability of Shorea in nature. A total of 156 species has been listed on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) red list. From the 156 species, 59.6% are in the critically endangered category, so urgent conservation is needed. However, during collection of Shorea at the seedling phase for conservation  purposes, it is often difficult to distinguish among them that can cause errors in their collection process. To avoid these errors, identification needs to be done, usually based on plant  leaf and flower  morphology. Leaves are easier because they have the main features that distinguish each plant species, one of which is the venation structure. Geometric morphometric techniques are a modern approach recognized as useful for the identification of species in many plants. Geometric morphometrics analyzes the position of the venation point using coordinate geometry values. This research was aimed to extract venation features of Shorea leaves using a geometric morphometric approach. The extraction process result in some features, such as straightness, different angle, length ratio, scale projection, and secondary nerves. On extracted features, an analysis was then performed to find out the best features in classifying species of Shorea spp. The results of this study indicated that the geometric morphometric approach could extract the value of the features of straightness, different angle, length ratio, scale projection, and secondary nerves. The secondary nerve feature is the best feature because it can distinguish between fourcommonly planted species of Shorea spp. (S. acuminata, S. leprosula, S. ovalis, and S. selanica). By using the support vector machine classification technique to identify species of Shorea spp., the classification results obtained an average accuracy of 84.46%.

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Short Communication: Geometric morphometric analysis of leaf venation in four Shorea species for identification using Digital Image Processing

Hidayat S, Dodo, Purnomo DW, Helmanto H, Supriyatna I. 2018. Habitat of Nepenthes spp. in the area of Sampit Botanic Gardens, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1258-1265. Nepenthes spp are protected plant and most of them are at least concern criteria. The research purpose is to explore the habitat information that supports the existence of Nepenthes in the area around Sampit Botanic Gardens, Central Kalimantan. Three different sites have been selected in this research. In each sites, seven sampling plots have been made by purposively sampling, each plot measuring 5x5 m2. In the Gelam Forest (Melaleuca quinquenervia), two Nepenthes species have been found, namely Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis. In two other sites, in Peat Swamp Forest and Alang-alang Forest (Imperata cylindrica), dominated by N. mirabilis. Combretocarpus rotundatus is a tree in the Peat Swamp Forest that is mostly climbed by Nepenthes. Scleria sumatrensis and Stenochlaena palustris are two species of plants that are always found in the three research sites, but the dominant family is Melastomataceae primarily represented by Melastoma malabathricum. Nepenthes mirabilis can be found in the three research sites with an equal number, but N. gracilis was only abundant in the Gelam forest. By using imageJ software, obtained canopy cover in Gelam forest only 10%. Meanwhile, based on laboratory test, the soil in the Gelam forest is dominated by the dust fraction and is relatively more fertile than the Alang forest. In this case, Nepenthes favored open canopy, but was quite watery and relatively fertile.

Habitat of Nepenthes spp. in the area of Sampit Botanic Gardens, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Hutan dataran rendah yang berada di wilayah Kabupaten Berau memiliki keanekaragaman jenis pohon yang sangat tinggi, terutama Dipterocarpaceae. Suku Dipterocarpaceae memiliki marga yang mempunyai potensi yang sangat besar sebagai hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) salah satu diantaranya adalah Dipterocarpus (keruing). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keragaman jenis dipterokarpa dan potensi pohon keruing sebagai penghasil minyak keruing di PT. Hutan Sanggam Labanan Lestari, Kabupaten Berau. Metode yang digunakan adalah sistem jalur dengan panjang 1 km dan lebar kanan-kiri jalur masing-masing 20 m (total luas 4 ha). Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap semua individu pohon yang berdiameter 10 cm dan ke atas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keragaman untuk jenis dipterokarpa cukup tinggi yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai Indeks Keragaman jenis (H'=3,89026) yang terdiri dari 7 marga dan 26 jenis dipterokarpa. Sedangkan untuk jenis keruing diperoleh sebanyak 4 jenis dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 44 pohon yang terdiri dari  Dipterocarpus tempehes V.Sl.(37 pohon), D. palembanicus Slooten (3 pohon), D. humeratus Slooten (1 pohon) dan Dipterocarpus sp. (3 pohon). Kerapatan pohon keruing sebanyak 11 batang/ha dengan volume rata-rata tegakan sebesar 33,19 m3/ha. Hasil ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi tentang keragaman jenis dipterokarpa dan potensi jenis pohon penghasil minyak keruing yang dapat memberikan manfaat terhadap masyarakat di sekitar hutan.

Keragaman jenis dipterokarpa dan potensi pohon penghasil minyak keruing di hutan dataran rendah kabupaten berau, kalimantan timur

. Dodo, Hidayat S. 2020. The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2603-2618. Kinarum Protected Forest (Kinarum PF) is one of the remaining tropical forest areas in Tabalong District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is feared that deforestation will occur in this forest due to various human activities. The research was conducted to determine the structure and composition of vegetation in Kinarum PF which several decades ago was once a forest concession area. This research also explored the existence of threatened, endemic, and protected plants. Research has been carried out using the track plot method. The total research area is 0.6 ha consisting of three transect lines with five plots measuring 20 x 20 m2 each transect. Data were analyzed with important value index (IVI), dominance index, species diversity index, and species abundance index. The results recorded 460 specimens belonging to 121 species, 86 genera, and 43 families. Most species are from the family Lauraceae followed by Moraceae and Rubiaceae. The results also recorded 42 species included in the IUCN red list plants, eight of which are classified as threatened plants, namely Aglaia angustifolia, Artocarpus tamaran, Dracontomelon costatum, Durio dulcis, Durio kutejensis, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Myristica magnifica, and Shorea guiso. These plants have an average IVI value less than 10% and the species abundance index is close to zero. In general, the forest condition is classified as moderate with a diversity index value at each growth stage in the range of values ??1-3. However, IVI of each species, especially those belonging to the threatened, endemic, and protected plants are on average low.

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The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Nepenthes is one of the popular genus of pitcher plants. Research on the biodiversity and growth beharviour of Nepenthes spp. in Tanjung Puting National Park was carried out. There were four species studied, namely: N. ampullaria, N. mirabilis N. rafflesiana, and N. x. hookeriana,. There were about 2096 individuals recorded in this study consisting of 1322 N. ampullaria, 1332 N. mirabilis, 141 N. rafflesiana, and 111 N. x. hookeriana. Variation of tendril positions occurred in 1 rosette plant and 3 climbing stems (mature plants) of N. ampullaria, 2 rosettes and 9 mature N. mirabilis, 1 rosette and 4 mature N. rafflesiana, 2 rosettes and 2 mature N. x. hookeriana. Their habitats were also very specific. It was noted that 6 species of other plants were grown and associated with the Nepenthes spp.Key words: biodiversity, growth beharviour, Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes mirabilis, Nepenthes rafflesiana, Nepenthes x hokeriana, Tanjung Puting National Park.

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Diversity and Growth Behaviour of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province

. Robiansyah I, Dodo, Hamidi A. 2019. Population status of endemic tree kokoleceran (Vatica bantamensis) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 296-302. Kokoleceran (Vatica bantamensis) is an endemic tree found only in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), Banten, Indonesia, and is classified as Endangered by IUCN Red List. To develop effective conservation measures of threatened plants, current information on population status and distribution of the species is needed. Thus in the present study, a targeted survey of kokoleceran was conducted in UKNP aiming at mapping the distribution of the species, measuring current population size and structure, assessing the habitat preferences, and identifying threats to the species. Using a non-random adaptive cluster sampling, a total of 27 clusters harboring 280 individuals of kokoleceran was located, of which 20 % were in mature stage. All these individuals were only found in Mount Payung and its surrounding areas, and formed an inverse-J-shaped population structure pattern. The species was estimated to have an area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of 8 km2. The invasive langkap palm (Arenga obtusifolia, Arecaceae) was identified as the main threat for kokoleceran. Based on these results, kokoleceran appears to more than justify its conservation status of Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v) +2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii).

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Population status of endemic tree kokoleceran (Vatica bantamensis) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia

Southeast Asia has about 400 species edible fresh fruits and 329 (about 75%) species are found in Indonesia, 226 species of them are native to Indonesia. There are 31 (about 14%) species of fruit plants native to Indonesia are classified as rare category. Mangifera is the largest genus in the list of endangered Indonesian fruit plants (10 species), then Durio (7 species), and Aglaia (5 species). Mangifera had been threatened in their nature, such as Mangifera casturi that could not found anymore in their natural habitat (extinct in the wild), while M. macrocarpa, M. pajang, M. rufocostata, and M. similis are vulnerable or threatened. Durio dulcis, D. kutejensis, and D. oxleyanus belongs to vulnerable category. The Botanic Gardens plays role in plant conservation. 23 species of rare Indonesian fruits (74%) has been collected in the Garden, 2 species of them (Stelechocarpus burahol and Diospyros macrophylla) has been restored to their natural habitat in Ujung Kulon with great results (growth percentage > 75%).

Dodo Dodo

Papers

The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Habitat of Nepenthes spp. in the area of Sampit Botanic Gardens, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Diversity and Growth Behaviour of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province

Population status of endemic tree kokoleceran (Vatica bantamensis) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia

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