B I O D I V E R S I T A S ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 6, Nomor 4 Oktober 2005
Halaman: 248-252
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Diversity and Growth Behaviour of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plants) in
Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province
TRI HANDAYANI, DIAN LATIFAH, DODO
Plant Conservation Center, Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor 16122
Received: 6 May 2005. Accepted: 31 July 2005.
ABSTRACT
Nepenthes is one of the popular genus of pitcher plants. Research on the biodiversity and growth beharviour of Nepenthes spp. in Tanjung
Puting National Park was carried out. There were four species studied, namely: N. ampullaria, N. mirabilis N. rafflesiana, and N. x.
hookeriana,. There were about 2096 individuals recorded in this study consisting of 1322 N. ampullaria, 1332 N. mirabilis, 141 N.
rafflesiana, and 111 N. x. hookeriana. Variation of tendril positions occurred in 1 rosette plant and 3 climbing stems (mature plants) of N.
ampullaria, 2 rosettes and 9 mature N. mirabilis, 1 rosette and 4 mature N. rafflesiana, 2 rosettes and 2 mature N. x. hookeriana. Their
habitats were also very specific. It was noted that 6 species of other plants were grown and associated with the Nepenthes spp.
© 2005 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta
Key words: biodiversity, growth beharviour, Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes mirabilis, Nepenthes rafflesiana, Nepenthes x hokeriana,
Tanjung Puting National Park.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a tropical country that is rich in plant
diversity in many areas of forests. Forest is a habitat for
various plants which are either determined or
undetermined. Many kinds of plants have been used for
human life. However still so many plants are not used yet
and the potentials remain unrecognised. Amongst the plant
diversity, Nepenthes is the most popular pitcher plant.
Kalimantan or Borneo has many areas of tropical forests.
Nevertheless since the reduction of natural petroleum and
local government and the inhabitants turn to find other
income in non-petroleum sectors. As a result, many forest
areas have been over-exploited. This activity has been
uncontrolled and ignored any attempts of rehabilitation for
sustainability in the future. This has lead to forest
destruction along with habitat disturbance for plant livings.
Nepenthes grows widely throughout Borneo (Phillipps
and Lamb, 1996; Clarke, 1997). Unfortunately, land clearing
and conversion has caused the habitat lost of many
Nepenthes population. This population decrease was also
caused by illegal collection by local and foreign collectors
for a long time (Phillipps and Lamb, 1996; Clarke, 1997;
Cheek and Jebb, 2001; Anon, 2003). Several populations
remain in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan
Province. This pitcher plant is known as a rare, attractive
and unique plant. This plant has “a picher-like organ” on the
leaf apex. This organ functions as insect-prey trapper to
meet the protein requirement. Nepenthes is classified as
rare based on IUCN and WCMC (Cheek and Jebb, 2001).
In Indonesia all plants are protected by Peraturan
Pemerintah (Government Law) No.7, 1999 about protection
and conservation of plant and wildlife (Mogea et al., 2001). -
Therefore the trade of this plant is controlled internationally
under CITES (D’amato, 1998).
In Indonesia Nepenthes has been used by local people
for a long time. The stems are used for rope or woven
handicrafts. The big pitchers are used for cooking rice and
traditional foods (Tamin and Hotta, 1986). The liquid
substances inside the pitcher covered by the lid on the
peristome are used for healing the eyes sickness, cough,
stomach upset, burn injury, skin diseases and stopping
urine expelled by children. Besides they are used as
decorative plants by exposing the unique of the variation of
pitcher shape and color (Danser, 1928; D’amato, 1998;
Handayani, 2001; Handayani and Yulia, 2001). Recently
Nepenthes has been attractive to researchers to be studied
in molecular farming.
According to Jebb and Cheek (1997) and Cheek and
Jebb (2001) there are 87 Nepenthes species in the world.
Most of them are grown and distributed in Malesian Region.
There are only 8 species occurred outside the region:
Madagascar (2), Seychelles (1), Sri Lanka (1), India (1),
Indochina (6-8), Solomon Archipelago (1), New Caledonia
(1), and Australia (1). Jebb and Cheek (1997) reported that
the Nepenthes centre of distribution is Indonesia. In
Indonesia, most of them occurred in Borneo (approximately
40 species), Sumatra (about 25 species), Java (2 species),
Moluccas and Celebes (10 species) and Papua/New
Guinea (11 species).
The Tanjung Puting National Park (TPNP) is one of the
natural habitats of the pitcher plants in Indonesia. The Park
is geographically located between 2º35’-3º20’ S and
111º50’ E. This area is approximately 415.040 ha and
bordered by the rivulet of Kumai river, Sekonyer river on the
North, Seruyan river on the East, and the coastal areas of
Java Sea. Various apexe ecosystems also occurred in
TNTP such as lowland tropical forests, heaths, freshwater
vegetation, peat vegetation, coastal vegetation and
secondary forests. Such conditions allow the pitcher plants
to grow well in TPNP. This research aimed to inventory the
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d060407
HANDAYANI et al. – Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes
249
Nepenthes species in TPNP areas. Growth behaviors were
recorded.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study site was in forest areas of Tanjung Harapan
and Pesalat, Tanjung Puting National Park (TPNP), Central
Kalimantan Province, from July to August 2004. The
Nepenthes species in TPNP was identified by counting the
numbers and observing morphologically the species
discovered in each plot. Plots 10 x 10 m
2
was located in
randomized design. Well-known species were identified
directly in the field and unknown species were collected as
herbarium specimens to be identified later. The
identification key will be constructed. In addition, the growth
behavior was studied. Data collection in the plots
constructed in the fields include several variables: tree
species associated, the number of leaves per stem of
Nepenthes, the number of leaves producing pitchers (fertile
leaves), and sterile leaves, the size of pitcher and its parts
size, tendril position, and the microclimate.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Diversity of Nepenthes
In Tanjung Harapan and Pesalat, Tanjung Puting Natio-
nal Park, four Nepenthes species were found: Nepenthes
ampullaria, Nepenthes mirabilis, Nepenthes. rafflesiana and
Nepenthes x hookeriana. A key of identification has been
constructed as follows based on morphological observation:
a. Leaves petiolate ....................................................................... 2.
b. Leaves sessile, short-petioled ................................ N. ampullaria.
a. The margin of leaves hairy ......................................... N. mirabilis.
b. The margin entire ..................................................................... 3.
a. The peristome elongated into a neck ................... N. rafflesiana.
b. Not an elongated neck at the peristome ......... N. x hookeriana.
Nepenthes ampullaria Jack.
Stems climbing, up to 8 m high, slender and smooth.
Leaves of the rosettes, very short internodes (almost
absent), minute more like tendrils, petiolate, lanceolate, 1-3
cm long and 0.3-0.7 cm broad, the apex acute. Pitchers of
the rosettes dense, oblong, ‘pot’ like. Tendrils yellowish
green, red-brownish red. Pitchers green-yellowish green,
green with red or violet spots, 3-8 cm high, the
circumference 5-15 cm. Wings ribbed, 0.3-1.2 cm broad.
Mouth orbicular with periscope extended in the inner part
towards the inner part of the mouth, 1.5-4.5 cm long and 1-
4 cm broad. Peristome 0.7-2 cm long, green-yellowish
green or red to violet-red. Lid spathulate, 1.2-4 cm long and
0.4-1.5 cm broad, green-purplish red. Leaves of the
climbing stems (mature plants), sessile or with a short
petiole, lanceolate to spathulate, 10,5-18,0 cm long and 3,4-
5,8 cm broad. Tendrils 3,4-5,7 long. Lamina surface
(adaxial) dark green, abaxial brownish green with delicate
hairs. Pitchers of the climbing stems slightly higher and
more slender. Tendrils green-brownish green, tendrils 3,4-
5,7 cm long. Pitchers 4,6-5,4 cm high and the
circumference 5,8-8,7 cm. Pitchers green, violate-red
spotted. Pitchers without wings. Mouth orbicular, 2,1-2,3 cm
long and 1,6-1,7 cm broad. Peristome 0,5-0,7 cm broad,
green and violet alternately. Lid spatulate, 2-2,1 cm long
and 0,5-0,7 cm broad, green-purplish red spotted green.
The pitcher of N. ampullaria was presented in Figure 1.
Nepenthes mirabilis Druce.
Stems climbing, up to 10 m high, slender, smooth, thick
with prominent internode. Leaves of rosettes sessile,
lanceolate rarely ovate, 5-14 cm long and 1-4 cm broad, at
apex acute, margin with hairs. Tendrils of the rosettes 2,5-7
cm long, reddish-yellow green. Pitchers of the rosettes
bowl-like, narrowly and obliquely ovate in the lower half,
cylindrical or somewhat narrowed towards the mouth,
brownish-red green, 5,5-8 cm high, the circumference 4-7
cm, with ribs, 0,1-0,3 cm broad. Mouth nearly round, 1,5-2
cm long and 1-1,5 cm broad. The peristome 0,1-0,2 cm
broad, brownish-red green. The lid orbicular or orbicular
ovate, 1-1,8 cm long and 1-1,5 cm broad, purplish-red
green. Leaves of the climbing stems petiolate, the length of
the petioles 4-10 cm, ovate-lanceolate, 17,5-25 cm long and
4,5-8 cm broad, acute at the apex, gradually attenuate into
the base, margin entire or with delicate hairs. Tendrils 10-23
cm long, green-yellowish green. Pitchers more like those of
the rosettes, frequently larger than these, 7-17 cm high, the
circumference 3,5-10 cm, green-brownish red, without
wings. Mouth oval, 1,2-3,5 cm long and 0,8-3,5 cm broad.
Peristome 0,1-0,4 cm broad, green-brownish red. Lid
orbicular, 1,2-3,5 cm long and 0,8-3,5 cm broad, green-
reddish brown. The pitcher of N. mirabilis was presented in
Figure 2.
Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack.
Stems climbing, up to 9 m high, slender, smooth.
Leaves of the rosettes petiolate, 4-11 cm long, green.
Lamina lanceolate, 18-38 cm long and 4-9 cm broad, acute
at the apex, gradually or abruptly attenuate at the base,
margin entire, adaxial dark green and abaxial reddish
green. Tendrils 10-12 cm long, yellowish green-reddish
green. Pitchers rounded at the base, conical to the top, pale
yellow-purplish red spotted green, 8-19 cm high, the
circumference 6-20 cm. Wings ribbed, 0,3-3,5 cm wide,
purplish-spotted green. Mouth oval, narrowed above, 2-6
cm long and 1,5-5 cm broad. Peristome 0,7-1 cm wide, red-
purplish red, with an elongated neck at the peristome and
join with the base of the lid. The neck 1,5-3,5 cm long, red-
purplish red. Lid ovate, 2,5-9 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, purplish
spotted green. Leaves of climbing stems 7-10,5 cm long,
lanceolate, 20-38 cm long dan lebar 6-11 cm, acute to
gradually attenuate at the apex, adaxial green abaxial
reddish green. Tendrils 15-40 cm long, purplish-spotted
green. Pitchers infundibulate (funnel-shaped), green with
some purple, 17,2-22,5 cm high, the circumference 5,7-13,0
cm, wings absent or if present raised-strip-like shaped.
Mouth oval, elongated into a neck up to 6-6,2 cm long, 5-
5,2 cm wide. Peristome 1,2-1,9 cm wide, green with red or
violet spotted in very different degres. Neck 3-3,5 cm long,
green and violet alternately. Lid oval, 8-9 cm long and 6-6,2
cm broad, violet-red spotted green. The pitcher of N.
rafflesiana was presented in Figure 3.
Nepenthes x hookeriana Lindl.
Stems climbing up to 7 m, slender, smooth. Leaves of
the rosettes branched, 3-8 cm long. Lamina lanceolate to
spathulate, 5,5-32 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, acute to
acuminate at the apex, green. Tendrils 3-40cm long, green
with some violet. Pitchers obliquely urceolate (urn-shaped),
green with red to violate-red spots, 7-10 cm high, the
circumference 9-13 cm. Wings ribbed with the ribs 0,5-2 cm
broad, violet-spotted green. Mouth horizontal in front,
abruptly incurved towards the lid, 2-4,5 cm long, 2-4 cm
broad. Peristome elongated into a short neck with the outer
margin involute, the inner part flat, up to 0,8-1,5 cm broad,
BIODIVERSITAS Vol. 6, No. 4, Oktober 2005, hal. 248-252
250
Figure 1. N. ampullaria Jack
Figure 2. N. mirabilis Druce
Figure 3. N. rafflesiana Jack. Figure 4. N. x hookeriana Lindl.
HANDAYANI et al. – Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes
251
green with violet-red stripped. Lid elliptic-oblong, rounded at
the apex, 2-4 cm long, 1,5-2,5 cm broad, red to violet-red
spotted. Leaves of the climbing stems branched 3-7 cm
long. Lamina lanceolate to spathulate, 19-33 cm long and
5,2-7 cm wide, acute to acuminate at the apex, adaxial
green, abaxial reddish green. Tendrils 14-14,7 cm long,
yellowish green to violet-red. Pitchers infundibulate (funnel-
shaped), violet-red spotted green, 7,3-11,5 cm high, the
circumference 7-10 cm. Wings raised strip-like. Mouth oval
berbentuk bulat telur, 3,1-4,5 cm long and 2,5-4 cm wide.
Peristome 1-1,7 cm broad, yellowish green with violet-red
blotches. Lid elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex and base,
2,2-4 cm long, 2-4 cm broad, violet-red spotted green. The
pitcher of N. x hookeriana was presented in Figure 4.
Population number
The pitcher plant populations were easily found In
Tanjung Harapan and Pesalat. In Tanjung Harapan,
Nepenthes were found along Beguruh and Feeding Tracks,
meanwhile in Pesalat they were found in Tracking and
Padang Ilalang Tracks. The number of Nepenthes
population in Tanjung Harapan and Pesalat was presented
in Table 1.
N. mirabilis were the most frequently-found individuals
meanwhile the least ones were N. x hookeriana. The most
dense populations were found in Beguruh Track i.e. 1074
individuals. In this location, the four Nepenthes grow in
group. In this Track, the Nepenthes also prefers various
places from shady until open areas, wet to dried and at
riverside. Furthermore Nepenthes rafflesiana, N. ampullaria
and N. x hookeriana tend to prefer dried and shady areas.
On the other hand, N. mirabilis was more frequently found
in open areas at either wet such as riverside or dried areas.
The pitcher plants were found as many as 669 individuals of
N. mirabilis in Feeding Track. It may be caused by the
location of this Track which was undergorbicular.
Nevertheless there was one open area which is covered
fern Gleichenia linearis (paku resam – Indonesian).
Most areas in Tracking Track in Pesalat were shaded.
Jalur tracking. Nepenthes rafflesiana, N. ampullaria, and N.
x hookeriana grows here which were 773 individuals.
Interestingly, N. x hookeriana was only found if associated
with either N. ampullaria or N. raffflesiana, because N. x
hookeriana is a hybrid between the parents of these two
species (Danser, 1928; Phillipps and Lamb, 1996; D’amato,
1998; Cheek and Jebb, 2001). Furthermore Padang Ilalang
areas were more open. The location was originated in
burning areas so that Imperata cylindrica (ilalang –
Indonesian), Melastoma malabathricum and Gleichenia
linearis can be found frequently. This land characters are
commonly known as an indicator of marginal
lands. It is interesting to note that N. mirabilis
can grow well in this land.
Leaf
Leaf is very important for Nepenthes to
perform photosynthesis and produce protein
that comes from digestion zone in the pitcher.
Fertile leaves of rosettes in the four species of
Nepenthes are more than those of the mature
plants. The number of fertile and sterile leaves
each stem and the total number of leaves in
the study species are presented in Table 2.
From the results above, the rosettes
produced more pitchers than the mature
plants. This can be related to the function of
the pitchers as a prey trapper. The pitchers of
the rosettes trap preys (insects) on the
gorbicular. It is known that the number of
insects living on the gorbicular is more than
that of the flying ones. Therefore the rosettes
require more pitchers to traps the more insects
and vice versa in the mature plants.
Tendrils
Tendrils are organ which eamanate from
the leaf apex and may bear pitchers at their
tips in order to stay upright. Tendrils vary in
positions and shaps between the rosettes and
the mature plants. Apparently this related to
the function of the tendrils in bearing the
pitchers. Five hundred leaves were observed
and the results were presented in observation
Table 3.
The tendrils of rosettes of the four species
are mostly straight and loop orbicular the front
of the pitchers. Meanwhile the tendrils of the
mature plants generally turn leftside or
rightside and curl backward of the pitcher. The
pitchers of the rosettes mostly rest on the
orbicular therefore the tendrils does not bear
the pitchers much. This is opposite to those of
Table 1. Population of Nepenthes spp. in Tanjung Harapan and Pesalat.
Species
Location
N. ampullaria N. mirabilis N. rafflesiana N. x hookeriana
Number
Tanjung Harapan
- Beguruh track
- Feeding track
585
-
273
669
110
-
106
-
1074
669
Pesalat
- Tracking track
- Ilalang track
737
-
-
390
31
-
5
-
773
390
Number 1322 1332 141 111 2906
Table 2. The number of fertile and sterile leaves and the total in the four
Nepenthes spp. in rosette and mature plants.
N. ampularia N. mirabilis N. rafflesiana N.xhookeriana
Leaves
number
Rosette Adults Rosette Adults Rosette Adults Rosette Adults
Fertile 0-13 0-11 0-9 0-19 0-6 0-12 0-10 0-14
Sterile 1-7 1-33 1-17 1-37 1-17 1-46 1-6 1-19
Total 1-13 1-46 1-24 1-40 2-18 4-50 1-10 3-27
Table 3. Tendril position of Nepenthes sp. in the rosettes and climbing stems.
Tendril position
N. ampullaria N. mirabilis N. rafflesiana N. x hookeriana
Rosettes
F/L/W
9 9 9 9
F/L/Nw
• •
9
•
S/SC/W
•
9
• •
Climbing stems
(mature plants)
S/SC/V/S
• •
9
•
S/SC/V/Nw
• •
9
•
B/C/St/V/Nw
9 9 9 9
B/C/R/V/Nw
9 9 9 9
B/A/V/Nw
9
•
9
•
F/L/V/S
• •
9
•
F/L/V/Nw
• •
9
•
B/C/St/G/Nw
• •
9 9
B/C/R/G/Nw
• •
9 9
Abbreviations: F=front, SC= slightly curve, V=vegetative, L=left, S=side, St =
straight, G=generative, R=right, B=back,C=curve, W=winged, Nw=not winged.
BIODIVERSITAS Vol. 6, No. 4, Oktober 2005, hal. 248-252
252
the adults plants with aerial pitchers. This influences the
strength of the pitchers from the blows of wind. This is also
why the tendrils are in contact each other with the other
tendrils or with the other branches of other plants.
Pitchers
The pitchers are produced on the leaf apex and attach
on the tendrils. The tendrils themself emanate from the
longitudinal veins of primary leaves (Handayani, 2003). The
pitchers are the most attractive organ regarding the shape,
size and their various colour (Clarke, 1997). This variation is
found not only among the same species but also within the
different ones. The pitchers which are produced by the
rosette are different from the ones produced by mature
plants. The shape, size, and colour of the pitchers of N.
mirabilis are mostly varied, compared by N. ampullaria, N.
rafflesiana, and N. x hookeriana. This related to the highest
adaptability of N. mirabilis in highly variable habitat from
shady to open, from river banks to dried areas. The organs
produced seemed to be adaptive to the habitat condition.
For example, the plants that occurred in shady places
produced the longer stems and nodes and the larger
leaves. Although the apexes of the plants at vegetative
stage are more than the ones of those at the generative
stage and vice versa in the plants that grow in open areas.
In all species found in this study, the pitcher shape of
the rosette is different front the one of the mature plant. The
pitcher shape of the rosette tends to be orbiculared with
narrow mouth and the wings attached to it decorated by
ribs. Meanwhile in mature plants, the shapes are thinner,
the wings are undeveloped, and the mouths are broadr to
enable insects to enter. These differences relate to the
pitcher function. The thinner shape allows to bear tendrils
and pitchers besides become strong from avoiding the
blows of the wind. The pitchers of the rosettes trap more
preys (insects) on the gorbicular. The insects come into
contact with the surfaces of the lids and the top of the
pitcher to forage the nectars through the wings. On the
other hand, the pitchers of the mature plants catch the flying
insects. In this case, the wings are not used as a direction
to reach the nectar glands. This leads to the reduction of
wing size to be like raised strips.
In TPNP, the pitcher plants grow along river banks, from
shady to open areas, 30-40 m asl, humidity 34-85%,
temperatures of 24-46,5°C, the soil moisture 2-70%, pH
4,5-7,2, litter depth 0-5 cm, canopy coverage 0-70% and
the soil type is sandy clay. The other plants associated are
Gleichenia linearis, Imperata cylindrica, Dillenia
suffruticosa, Cyperus sp., Melastoma malabathricum, and
Syzygium sp.
CONCLUSION
In Tanjung Harapan National Park and Pesalat there
were 4 species of Nepenthes which were N. ampullaria, N.
rafflesiana, N. x hookeriana, and N. mirabilis. There were
2096 individuals consisting of 1322 N. ampullaria, 141 N.
rafflesiana, 111 N. x. hookeriana, and 1332 N. mirabilis.
Variation in leave, tendril and pitcher characters was
evident. In general, Nepenthes grows in the banks of small
rivers, spreading from shady to open places in the study
site, 30-40 m asl, humidity 34-85%, temperatures 24-
46,5°C, soil moisture 2-70%, pH 4,5-7,2, litter depth 0-5 cm,
canopy shade 0-70% and soil type sandy clay. These four
Nepenthes species were associated frequently with 6
species of other plant species which were Gleichenia
linearis, Imperata cylindrica,Dillenia suffruticosa, Cyperus
sp, Melastoma malabathricum, and Syzygium sp.
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