Showing papers by "Donald Maxwell Parkin published in 1996"
TL;DR: The total incidence of childhood cancer varies rather little between different regions of the world, with cumulative risk to age 15 nearly always in the range 1.0-2.5 per thousand; the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma has risen substantially in parts of Africa severely affected by the AIDS epidemic.
Abstract: The total incidence of childhood cancer varies rather little between different regions of the world, with cumulative risk to age 15 nearly always in the range 1.0—2.5 per thousand. Acute h/mphoblastic leukaemia, especially in early childhood, is most common in populations of high socio-economic status and is the most frequent childhood cancer in all industrialised countries. The risk of Burkitt's lymphoma is highest in tropical Africa and Papua New Guinea; it is strongly associated with Epstein—Barr virus infection and intense immune stimulation by malaria. Other rymphomas are also relatively common in developing countries. Non-heritable retinoblastoma has a higher incidence among less affluent populations, suggesting an association with poor living conditions and maybe an infectious aetiology. In contrast, the incidence of Wilms' tumour and Ewing's sarcoma varies largely on ethnic lines, indicating a strong role for genetic predisposition. Much of the variation in recorded incidence of brain tumours and neuroblastoma may be due to varying levels of case ascertainment. Recently the incidence of childhood Kaposi's sarcoma has risen substantially in parts of Africa severely affected by the AIDS epidemic. Geographic and ethnic variations in the incidence of childhood cancer Compared with the very large variations in cancer incidence among adults between different regions of the world, the total incidence of childhood cancer is relatively constant. The cumulative incidence to age 15 is nearly always in the range 1.0-2.5 per thousand and age_ , . standardised annual incidence rates (ASR) calculated using the world Corresponcfortco to:
284 citations
TL;DR: In the past, there has been a surprising lack of attention to analytical methods for migrant data, and the epidemiological methods available to best bring out the relevant differences in risk are reviewed.
157 citations
TL;DR: The results are compatible with the hypothesis that exposure to solar ultraviolet light is an important cause of squamous-cell carcinoma of the eye.
150 citations
TL;DR: The European Childhood Leukaemia - Lymphoma Incidence Study (ECLIS) as discussed by the authors was designed to address concerns about a possible increase in the risk of cancer in Europe following the nuclear accident in Chernobyle in 1986.
Abstract: The European Childhood Leukaemia - Lymphoma Incidence Study (ECLIS) is designed to address concerns about a possible increase in the risk of cancer in Europe following the nuclear accident in Chernobyle in 1986. This paper reports results of surveillance of childhood leukaemia in cancer registry populations from 1980 up to the end of 1991. There was a slight increase in the incidence of childhood leukaemia in Europe during this period, but the overall geographical pattern of change bears no relation to estimated exposure to radiation resulting from the accident. We conclude that at this stage of follow-up any changes in incidence consequent upon the Chernobyl accident remain undetectable against the usual background rates. Our results are consistent with current estimates of the leukaemogenic risk of radiation exposure, which, outside the immediate vicinity of the accident, was small.
124 citations
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TL;DR: Chronic infection, including infection with HIV, high parity and multiple sexual partners are important determinants of cancer incidence in this population, and cancers known to be associated with HIV infection are relatively frequent.
Abstract: Data are presented on the frequency of malignant tumours registered at the population-based cancer registry in the southern prefecture of Butare, Rwanda, from May 1991 until 2 months before the outbreak of civil war in April 1994. Beginning in 1992, subjects were also interviewed about socio-demographic and life-style factors that have been associated with cancer risk in the West. The distribution of cancer in Rwanda is similar to that in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The most frequent cancers are those with possible infectious aetiologies: liver cancer (12%), cervical cancer (12%) and stomach cancer (9%). In addition, cancers known to be associated with HIV infection are relatively frequent (Kaposi's sarcoma [6%] and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [3%]). Chronic infection, including infection with HIV, high parity and multiple sexual partners are important determinants of cancer incidence in this population. Tobacco consumption is low in Rwanda and there are few tobacco-related tumours, such as lung and laryngeal cancer. Other tumours believed to be associated with aspects of Western life-style, such as colorectal and breast cancer, are also relatively infrequent.
65 citations
TL;DR: The findings provide confirmatory evidence of the unusual cancer patterns among North African populations, who have low risks for most cancer sites, and high risks for certain cancers, such as of the nasopharynx and bladder.
Abstract: Data on cancer mortality in North African migrants to France (the largest foreign-born community in the country) are presented, providing useful insights both into cancer patterns in North Africa and their changes following migration.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the geographic distribution of squamous-cell carcinoma of the eye to assess whether solar ultraviolet light is a risk factor for this disease, and found that exposure to solar ultraviolet rays is an important cause of this disease.
41 citations
TL;DR: The decline of the incidence of stomach cancer in western countries is a well-known phenomenon, and survival is extremely good for early cancers: in the Japanese series, the five-year relative survival is 98%, and in the U.S.A. it is 70%.
Abstract: The decline of the incidence of stomach cancer in western countries is a well-known phenomenon [1]. Nevertheless, in 1985, it was still the second most common cancer in the world, and the most common cancer in developing countries [2]. Symptoms are rather non-specific, so most cases are diagnosed when the tumor has already invaded the muscular layer. The prognosis is then very poor: five-year relative survival was 18% for all incident cases in the U.S.A. around 1987 [3], and it was 19% in Europe around 1984 [4]. In contrast, survival is extremely good for early cancers: in the Japanese series, the five-year relative survival is 98% [5], and in the U.S.A. it is 70% [6].
5 citations