We review the theory of the electromagnetic interactions between rapidly moving charged particles and the matter through which they pass. The emphasis will be on very massive electric ($\ensuremath{-}100\ensuremath{\le}{Z}_{1}100$) and magnetic ($|g|=137e \mathrm{and} \frac{137e}{2}$) particles moving with relativistic velocities ($\ensuremath{\beta}g0.2$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}l100$). Consideration will be given to both the stopping power of the projectile and to the response of the absorbing medium to the excitation caused by the projectile.

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Theoretical and experimental aspects of the energy loss of relativistic heavily ionizing particles

Clinical trials using accelerated heavy charged‐particle beams for treating cancer and other diseases have been performed for nearly four decades. Recently there have been worldwide efforts to construct hospital‐based medically dedicated proton or light‐ion accelerator facilities. To make such accelerated heavy charged‐particle beams clinically useful, specialized instruments must be developed to modify the physical characteristics of the particle beams in order to optimize their biological and clinical effects. This article reviews the beam modifying devices and associated dosimetric equipment developed specifically for controlling and monitoring the clinical beams.

/pdf/instrumentation-for-treatment-of-cancer-using-proton-and-1tdzajyrlk.pdf

Instrumentation for Treatment of Cancer Using Proton and Light-Ion Beams

LBL~11861 Preprintc MAY 17 LIBRARY AND To be published as a chapter in ADVANCES IN RADIATION BIOLOGY, Spring/Summer 1983, J.T. Lett, ed., Academic Press, New York, NY HEAVY-ION RADIOBIOLOGY: CELLULAR STUDIES Eleanor A. Blakely, Frank Q.H. Ngo, Stanley B. Curtis, and Cornelius A. Tobias February 1983 This a Library Circulating Copy which may be two weeks. a personal Division)' Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098

/pdf/heavy-ion-radiobiology-cellular-studies-47x7itexvh.pdf

Heavy-Ion Radiobiology: Cellular Studies

Antinucleon–nucleon interaction at low energy: scattering and protonium

A high‐current ion source is described in which a metal vapor vacuum arc is used to create the plasma from which the ion beam is extracted. An ion beam current of up to about 1 A has been measured at an extraction voltage of 25 kV for a range of metallic species spanning the periodic table from lithium to uranium. Multiply ionized charge states are seen up to as high as Q=6+ in the case of uranium. In the metal vapor vacuum arc, regions of intense current concentration are formed at the cathode, and it is at these regions, the cathode spots, that the cathode material is vaporized and ionized to form a dense, quasi‐neutral plasma which plumes away from the cathode surface. The plasma plume is caused to impinge upon a set of extractor grids, and the ion beam is extracted from the streaming metal plasma. A preliminary survey of the performance of the source has been made. We describe here the principle of operation of the source, the source design, and the results of those measurements that we have made to date.

/pdf/metal-vapor-vacuum-arc-ion-source-1xv30s4pvb.pdf

Metal vapor vacuum arc ion source

Substantial beams of deuterons, α-particles, and nitrogen ions have been accelerated to high energies (nitrogen to 36 billion electron volts) in the bevatron. Beams of various energies were successfully extracted for experimental use. Modifications of the ion source, the injector, and the main acceleration system made the production of highenergy heavy ions possible. Our computer control system played an important part.

Acceleration of heavy ions at the bevatron.

Recent upgrading projects have extended the mass range of particles that can be accelerated at the Bevalac to include any element of the periodic table to energies above 1 billion electron volts per atomic mass unit. This capability was verified on 11 May 1982 with the production of a uranium beam at 147.7 million electron volts per atomic mass unit.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/217/4565/1135.full.pdf

Acceleration of uranium at the bevalac.

The existence of antiprotons has recently been demonstrated at the Berkeley Bevatron by a counter experiment. The antiprotons were found among the momentum-analyzed (1190 Mev/c) negative particles emitted by a copper target bombarded by 6.2-Bev protons. Concurrently with the counter experiment, stacks of nuclear emulsions were exposed in the beam adjusted to 1090 Mev/c negative particles in an experiment designed to observe the properties of antiprotons when coming to rest. This required a 132 g/cm2 copper absorber to slow down the antiprotons sufficiently to stop them in the emulsion stack. Only one antiproton was found in stacks in which seven were expected, assuming a geometric interaction cross section for antiprotons in copper. It has now been found that the cross section in copper is about twice geometric, which explains this low yield.

E. J. Lofgren

Papers

Acceleration of heavy ions at the bevatron.

Acceleration of uranium at the bevalac.

Example of an Antiproton-Nucleon Annihilation

Development of the Frequency Modulated Cyclotron

The Proton Synchrotron