Erica Spackman

TL;DR: It is reinforced that enteric viruses are widespread in poultry throughout the United States, although the clinical importance of most of these viruses remains unclear.

TL;DR: Co-infection of chickens or turkeys with l NDV and LPAIV affected the replication dynamics of these viruses but did not affect clinical signs, suggesting that infection with a heterologous virus may result in temporary competition for cell receptors or competent cells for replication, most likely interferon-mediated, which decreases with time.

TL;DR: This chapter will provide an overview of the USDA-validated rRT-PCR procedure for the detection of type A influenza.

TL;DR: Virological, histological and serological features of H5N1 virus infection in pigs were characterized and revealed mild to moderate bronchiolitis and multifocal alveolitis in the lungs of pigs infected with H5n1 viruses, while infection with swine influenza viruses resulted in severe tracheobronchitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia.

TL;DR: The need for new classification guidelines that incorporate genome sequence comparisons is suggested, because of the known problems associated with serology, such as antiserum cross-reactivity and one-way immunogenicity, in addition to the reliance on the immune response to a single protein, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase as the sole base for viral classification.