抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

This review describes a new paradigm of electronics based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron. Either adding the spin degree of freedom to conventional charge-based electronic devices or using the spin alone has the potential advantages of nonvolatility, increased data processing speed, decreased electric power consumption, and increased integration densities compared with conventional semiconductor devices. To successfully incorporate spins into existing semiconductor technology, one has to resolve technical issues such as efficient injection, transport, control and manipulation, and detection of spin polarization as well as spin-polarized currents. Recent advances in new materials engineering hold the promise of realizing spintronic devices in the near future. We review the current state of the spin-based devices, efforts in new materials fabrication, issues in spin transport, and optical spin manipulation.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/294/5546/1488.full.pdf

Spintronics: a spin-based electronics vision for the future.

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.

/pdf/spintronics-fundamentals-and-applications-2dx38n6phu.pdf

Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

We report a method to form multifunctional polymer coatings through simple dip-coating of objects in an aqueous solution of dopamine. Inspired by the composition of adhesive proteins in mussels, we used dopamine self-polymerization to form thin, surface-adherent polydopamine films onto a wide range of inorganic and organic materials, including noble metals, oxides, polymers, semiconductors, and ceramics. Secondary reactions can be used to create a variety of ad-layers, including self-assembled monolayers through deposition of long-chain molecular building blocks, metal films by electroless metallization, and bioinert and bioactive surfaces via grafting of macromolecules.

/pdf/mussel-inspired-surface-chemistry-for-multifunctional-1noq7vcby7.pdf

Mussel-Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings

Research on fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (also known as quantum dots or qdots) has evolved over the past two decades from electronic materials science to biological applications. We review current approaches to the synthesis, solubilization, and functionalization of qdots and their applications to cell and animal biology. Recent examples of their experimental use include the observation of diffusion of individual glycine receptors in living neurons and the identification of lymph nodes in live animals by near-infrared emission during surgery. The new generations of qdots have farreaching potential for the study of intracellular processes at the single-molecule level, high-resolution cellular imaging, long-term in vivo observation of cell trafficking, tumor targeting, and diagnostics.

/pdf/quantum-dots-for-live-cells-in-vivo-imaging-and-diagnostics-3y9ayecoh8.pdf

Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics

We report on InGaN microcavity light-emitting diodes supporting a single Fabry-Perot mode with an effective thickness of 450 nm and a cavity order of 5 at the emission wavelength of 415 nm. The device is a simple asymmetric cavity structure bounded by a highly reflective mirror at the bottom and air at the top. The single Fabry-Perot mode alters the emission pattern, so that a larger fraction of the generated light can be coupled to the light extraction cone. The device is fabricated by utilizing flip-chip bonding, laser lift-off, dry-etch thinning, mesa formation, and contact deposition processes. Of particular challenge in the processing is the high-precision control of final microcavity thickness. The control of microcavity thickness afforded by our selective dry-etch thinning method can be further complemented by photonic crystal patterning and roughening, leading to highest improvements in light extraction efficiency. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Microcavity InGaN light emitting diodes with a single Fabry‐Pérot mode

Summary form only given In this presentation we will focus on the design of InP-InGaAsP MQW vertical cavity lasers to achieve high temperature operation We have concluded that the key to such design is the reduction of round trip cavity loss We show the low loss double-fused laterally oxidized structure used in our work This structure allows for high mirror reflectivities using GaAs based mirrors reducing the necessary gain at threshold

120/spl deg/C pulsed operation from a 1.55 /spl mu/m vertical-cavity laser

Photonic crystal waveguides have long attracted much attention in
the integrated photonics community due to their high confinement properties and potential for the achievement of photonic circuits with a very high level of integration. While high propagation losses still impair most of the practical applications of such waveguides, predicted and demonstrated slow and dispersive propagation within compact lengths remain very attractive for optical signal processing. In this talk, results will be presented from an investigation on slow and dispersive propagation in two different types of InP-based photonic crystal waveguides fabricated at UCSB. Waveguides of the membrane type, with very strong vertical confinement, were fabricated and characterized, as well as guides with weak vertical confinement and deeply-etched holes. Those of the latter kind were successfully integrated with structures found in standard photonic circuits produced in our group. Detailed measurements of transmission will be presented showing slow and dispersive propagation close to band edges.
Reasonable group delay enhancement is found, which is clearly dependent on propagation losses; on the other hand, extremely large GVD is found over reasonably wide bandwidths, even when considerable losses are present. This suggests that, by proper tuning of coupling coefficients, very compact dispersion-compensating elements can be designed. A discussion on the advantages and disadvantages, as well as different possibilities of using this class of waveguides for the implementation of delay lines and dispersion compensation will be presented.

Perspectives on the application of InP-based photonic crystal waveguides for optical signal processing

Hydrogen ion treatments of oxidized GaAs(100) and AlGaAs(100) surfaces: surface stoichiometry and electronic properties

In this work we report on 64 degree celsius continuous-wave operation of a 15 micrometer vertical cavity laser This laser consists of two fused Al(Ga)As/GaAs mirrors with a strain-compensated InGaAsP/InP active region Selective lateral oxidation is used for current confinement Minimum room temperature threshold current is as low as 08 mA, and maximum cw output power is as high as 1 mW at 15 degrees Celsius Pulsed operation is achieved up to 100 degrees Celsius© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

Evelyn L. Hu

Papers

Microcavity InGaN light emitting diodes with a single Fabry‐Pérot mode

120/spl deg/C pulsed operation from a 1.55 /spl mu/m vertical-cavity laser

Perspectives on the application of InP-based photonic crystal waveguides for optical signal processing

Hydrogen ion treatments of oxidized GaAs(100) and AlGaAs(100) surfaces: surface stoichiometry and electronic properties

High-temperature 1.55-um vertical-cavity lasers through wafer fusion