Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review.

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/11961623/Estimation_of_the_Contribution_of_Road_Traffic_Emissions_V3_PostPrint.pdf

Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review

Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. This paper compiles the fragmented knowledge on tyre wear and tear characteristics, amounts of particles emitted, pathways in the environment, and the possible effects on humans. The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. The emissions from car tyres (100%) are substantially higher than those of other sources of microplastics, e.g., airplane tyres (2%), artificial turf (12–50%), brake wear (8%) and road markings (5%). Emissions and pathways depend on local factors like road type or sewage systems. The relative contribution of tyre wear and tear to the total global amount of plastics ending up in our oceans is estimated to be 5–10%. In air, 3–7% of the particulate matter (PM2.5) is estimated to consist of tyre wear and tear, indicating that it may contribute to the global health burden of air pollution which has been projected by the World Health Organization (WHO) at 3 million deaths in 2012. The wear and tear also enters our food chain, but further research is needed to assess human health risks. It is concluded here that tyre wear and tear is a stealthy source of microplastics in our environment, which can only be addressed effectively if awareness increases, knowledge gaps on quantities and effects are being closed, and creative technical solutions are being sought. This requires a global effort from all stakeholders; consumers, regulators, industry and researchers alike.

/pdf/wear-and-tear-of-tyres-a-stealthy-source-of-microplastics-in-20jdablxkk.pdf

Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment.

Occurrence and effects of tire wear particles in the environment--a critical review and an initial risk assessment.

Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment

First evidence of tyre debris characterization at the nanoscale by focused ion beam


 The European Union (EU) food market is characterised by the presence of several front-of-pack nutrition labels (FOPLs), some of which have only been introduced lately. While the EU Commission proposed to harmonise and possibly mandate the use of FOPLs, agreement on which label to adopt has not been reached. This review explores the main issues related to the adoption of FOPLs from both the demand-side and the supply-side perspective with the aim of providing an updated evidence-based road map for the development of future studies that can contribute to extend scientific evidence and guide future food policies.

/pdf/dynamics-of-demand-side-and-supply-side-responses-to-front-10meovrh.pdf

F.P. Pucillo

Papers

First evidence of tyre debris characterization at the nanoscale by focused ion beam

Dynamics of demand-side and supply-side responses to front-of-pack nutrition labels: a narrative review