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Properties Of Concrete

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Design Of Concrete Structures

The vast emission of greenhouse gases from industrial wastes is a global problem. The non-biodegradable nature of industrial wastes like silica fume , glass, bottom ash, and rubber tyres increases the severity of the problem. Past studies suggest that the use of waste materials in the cement and construction industry could be a viable solution to prevent natural resources from extinction. The chemical composition of silica fume and waste glass are attracting cement and concrete industries as a sustainable solution. In recent years, green concrete is very popular among researchers and academicians, but green concrete is still at an early stage. This paper studies the influence of silica fume and waste glass on the workability, strength, and durability properties of concrete . Moreover, the microstructural analysis was also studied.

Silica fume and waste glass in cement concrete production: A review

The past and future of sustainable concrete: A critical review and new strategies on cement-based materials

The world is moving towards a circular economy that focuses on reducing wastes and keeping materials in use for the longest time possible. This paper critically reviewed three of the largest volume of landfill waste materials (tyres, plastics and glass) that are becoming a major concern for many countries. At present, crumb rubbers (from tyres) and glass sands (from crushed waste glass) are being used in concrete and road constructions while plastics are often used in manufacturing civil structures. However, only 10% tyres, 19.5% plastics and 21% glass are currently recycled globally. The massive volume of remaining unused wastes goes to landfill creating environmental problems. Therefore, finding new strategies of utilising these landfill wastes is vital. The global and country specific production, recycling and landfilling rates of these waste are summarised to understand the present situation of global waste crisis. Future strategies for improved waste management, potential investment and research directions are highlighted. New options for recycling wastes tyres, plastics and glass in construction are also presented to provide practical and economical solutions to extract maximum value and ensure their continued use in a closed loop system.

Recycling of landfill wastes (tyres, plastics and glass) in construction - A review on global waste generation, performance, application and future opportunities

Million tons of waste glass is being generated annually all over the world. Once the glass becomes a waste it is disposed as landfills, which is unsustainable as this does not decompose in the environment. Glass is principally composed of silica. Use of milled (ground) waste glass in concrete as partial replacement of cement could be an important step toward development of sustainable (environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and economical) infrastructure systems. When waste glass is milled down to micro size particles, it is expected to undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C–S–H). In this research chemical properties of both clear and colored glass were evaluated. Chemical analysis of glass and cement samples was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique and found minor differences in composition between clear and colored glasses. Flow and compressive strength tests on mortar and concrete were carried out by adding 0–25% ground glass in which water to binder (cement + glass) ratio is kept the same for all replacement levels. With increase in glass addition mortar flow was slightly increased while a minor effect on concrete workability was noted. To evaluate the packing and pozzolanic effects, further tests were also conducted with same mix details and 1% super plasticizing admixture dose (by weight of cement) and generally found an increase in compressive strength of mortars with admixture. As with mortar, concrete cube samples were prepared and tested for strength (until 1 year curing). The compressive strength test results indicated that recycled glass mortar and concrete gave better strength compared to control samples. A 20% replacement of cement with waste glass was found convincing considering cost and the environment.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1451030.pdf

Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice

Plastic concrete is susceptible to develop cracks due to shrinkage in dry and windy conditions. Addition of fibers could reduce propagation of this crack. On the other hand, permeability determines the durability properties of concrete. This study evaluated strength, plastic shrinkage and permeability (gas and water) of concrete incorporating ‘polypropylene’ fiber (aspect ratio 300) in various proportions (viz. 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25% and 0.3%) by volume of concrete. Plane concrete samples were also prepared and tested for reference purpose. Inclusion of 0.1% fiber gave minor reduction (2%) in compressive strength while the tensile strength increased by 39% with same fiber content compared to the plain concrete. A significant reduction in crack generation, appearance period of first crack and crack area between plane concrete and fiber reinforced concretes was found. The experimental result with inclusion of 0.1–0.3% fiber in concrete indicated that plastic shrinkage cracks were reduced by 50–99% compared to the plain concrete. For reference concrete (without fiber), test within the high temperature and controlled humidity chamber gave higher crack width than the acceptable limit (3 mm) specified by the ACI 224. With the inclusion of 0.1% fiber reduced the crack width down to 1 mm and the trend was continued with the addition of more fibers. However, results showed that with the addition of polypropylene fiber both water and gas permeability coefficient was increased. Therefore, it is concluded that the fiber reinforced concrete would work better for plastic shrinkage susceptible structural elements (flat elements such as slab); however, it requires careful judgement while applying to a water retaining structures.

Evaluating plastic shrinkage and permeability of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1491843.pdf

Effect of Phosphogypsum on the Properties of Portland Cement

A colorimetric absorption test for evaluating fly ash/air-entraining admixture (AEA) behaviour with regard to their use in concrete was investigated. Acid blue 80 (AB80) standard dye sorbate (typically used to examine activated carbon) was considered. Initial experiments established a calibration between the concentration of AB80 in solution and absorbance; and a suitable test procedure to determine the AB80 adsorption (i.e. difference in initial and final concentrations of AB80 solution after exposure to fly ash). In general, a 2.0 g fly ash sample in 100 ml of 100 mg/l AB80 and a contact time of 30 min were satisfactory test conditions. Factors including dye adsorption during filtration and the effect of high/low adsorption fly ashes were examined and methods for dealing with these described. To evaluate the test, 15 fly ashes were considered and their AB80 adsorptions compared with several markers of fly ash/AEA behaviour. This gave reasonable agreement with loss-on-ignition, and very good correlations with specific surface area (measured by N2 adsorption) and foam index. In general, 1 mg of AB80 was adsorbed per m² surface area of fly ash. The study also investigated relationships between AB80 adsorption and admixture doses required (using several AEAs) to achieve target air contents in mortar and concrete, which gave very good correlations. The practical implications of the study were considered and it is suggested that the AB80 method has potential both as a test for characterising fly ash and in air-entrained concrete production with the material.

Colorimetric evaluation of admixture adsorption by fly ash for use in air-entrained concrete

For the last couple of decades, researchers have been trying to explore eco-friendly materials which would significantly reduce the dependency on synthetic fibers and their composites. Natural fiber-based composites possess several excellent properties. They are biodegradable, non-abrasive, low cost, and lower density, which led to the growing interest in using these materials in industrial applications. However, the properties of composite materials depend on the chemical treatment of the fiber, matrix combination, and fabrication process. This study gives a bibliographic review on bio-composites specially fabricated by the injection-molding method. Technical information of injection-molded natural fiber reinforcement-based composites, especially their type and compounding process prior to molding, are discussed. A wide variety of injection-molding machines was used by the researchers for the composite manufacturing. Injection-molded composites contain natural fiber, including hemp, jute, sisal, flax, abaca, rice husk, kenaf, bamboo, and some miscellaneous kinds of fibers, are considered in this study.

G. M. Sadiqul Islam

Papers

Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice

Evaluating plastic shrinkage and permeability of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete

Effect of Phosphogypsum on the Properties of Portland Cement

Colorimetric evaluation of admixture adsorption by fly ash for use in air-entrained concrete

Injection-molded natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites–a review