2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

Despite the recent developments in graphene oxide due to its importance as a host precursor of graphene, the detailed electronic structure and its evolution during the thermal reduction remain largely unknown, hindering its potential applications. We show that a combination of high-resolution in situ X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies offer a powerful approach to monitor the deoxygenation process and comprehensively evaluate the electronic structure of graphene oxide thin films at different stages of the thermal reduction process. It is established that the edge plane carboxyl groups are highly unstable, whereas carbonyl groups are more difficult to remove. The results consistently support the formation of phenol groups through reaction of basal plane epoxide groups with adjacent hydroxyl groups at moderate degrees of thermal activation (∼400 °C). The phenol groups are predominant over carbonyl groups and survive even at a temperature of 1000 °C. For the first time, a drastic increase...

Probing the Thermal Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide Using High-Resolution In Situ X-ray-Based Spectroscopies

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts in water. The films are prepared via simple electro-polymerization procedures and are characterized by XPS, electron microscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Whereas the precatalysts could be MoS3 or MoS2, the active form of the catalysts is identified as amorphous MoS2. Significant geometric current densities are achieved at low overpotentials (e.g., 15 mA cm−2 at η = 200 mV) using these catalysts. The catalysis is compatible with a wide range of pHs (e.g., 0 to 13). The current efficiency for hydrogen production is quantitative. A 40 mV Tafel slope is observed, suggesting a rate-determining ion+atom step. The turnover frequency per active site is calculated. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are among the most active non-precious hydrogen evolution catalysts.

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Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films as catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen production in water

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) films are highly transparent in the visible region, exhibiting high reflectance in the infrared region, and having nearly metallic conductivity. Owing to this unusual combination of electrical and optical properties, this material is widely applied in optoelectronic devices. The association of these properties in a single material explains the vast domain of its applicability and the diverse production methods which have emerged. Although the different properties of tin doped indium oxide in the film form are interdependent, this article mainly focuses on the electrical aspects. Detailed description of the conduction mechanism and the main parameters that control the conductivity is presented. On account of the large varieties and differences in the fabrication techniques, the electrical properties of ITO films are discussed and compared within each technique.

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Tin doped indium oxide thin films: Electrical properties

Organic conducting polymers derived from substituted thiophenes as electrochromic material

The photodiode array provided a position sensitive detector for powerful X-ray sources. Then the development of the energy dispersive scheme for the X-ray absorption experiments became realistic. The data acquisition system and elements of optics are discussed. Experiments in transmission mode and in total reflection mode illustrate the dramatic gain in data acquisition time as well as advantages dealing with the focussing optics.

X-ray absorption in dispersive mode: A new spectrometer and a data acquisition system for fast kinetics

In situ investigations of the 3-methylthiophene polymer with attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Local order in CVD diamond films : Comparative Raman, x-ray-diffraction, and x-ray-absorption near-edge studies

Thin films of tin‐doped , with different tin contents produced by a powder pyrolysis technique have been investigated by x‐ray absorption spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction. At the indium K‐edge, extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) investigations reveal that the indium atomic environment is modified by the doping. Even at low tin concentrations, the first oxygen polyhedron and the metallic In‐In coordination shells are disordered. This disorder increases with increasing tin content, and, for a large tin content (39% Sn), the In‐O shell is locally similar to that of the hexagonal high pressure phase of , that is also known to be stabilized at atmospheric pressure by the insertion of small foreign cation (such as Sn4+) in the indium oxide structure. The x‐ray diffraction experiments also support the idea of a disordered network; the x‐ray reflections decrease in magnitude but remain sharp even for a high tin concentration. This indicates that the structural disorder observed by EXAFS only induces a damping of the x‐ray reflections (the network is still ordered within large domains). The following modifications of the host network were observed; an increase in the lattice parameter, a decrease in the size of coherence of the diffraction domains with increasing the tin content (from 1200 A to 700 A), and a preferential orientation, which disappears for the high dopant concentrations.

Gérard Tourillon

Papers

Organic conducting polymers derived from substituted thiophenes as electrochromic material

X-ray absorption in dispersive mode: A new spectrometer and a data acquisition system for fast kinetics

In situ investigations of the 3-methylthiophene polymer with attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Local order in CVD diamond films : Comparative Raman, x-ray-diffraction, and x-ray-absorption near-edge studies

Structural Study of Tin‐Doped Indium Oxide Thin Films Using X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X‐Ray Diffraction I . Description of the Indium Site