抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

/pdf/the-brain-s-default-network-anatomy-function-and-relevance-3sxu9umxjl.pdf

The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Background and Purpose—The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audienc...

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-early-management-of-patients-with-acute-19udbft6e7.pdf

Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

ABSTRACT
Differentiating brain tumors from nonneoplastic lesions using conventional MRI may be challenging. Clinical symptoms often remain unspecific, and imaging findings from MRI may be inconclusive. We present the case of a 23-year-old woman in whom an MRI suggested a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. On the other hand, additional atypical MRI findings raised doubts regarding the initial diagnosis. Given the need for a diagnostic procedure with higher sensitivity and specificity for neoplastic tissue, PET with the radiolabeled somatostatin receptor ligand DOTATATE (68Ga-DOTA-d-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotate) was performed. DOTATATE PET facilitated the diagnosis of a falcine meningioma consistent with its value for the differential diagnosis of meningioma.

Differentiation of a Falcine Meningioma From Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Using DOTATATE PET.

Das motorische System befahigt den Menschen, Bewegungen auszufuhren und mit seiner Umwelt zu interagieren. Wahrend fruher das motorische System als bloses »output device« gesehen wurde, versteht man heute mehr und mehr, wie das motorische System in hohere kognitive Funktionen eingebunden ist (► Kap. 37). Die Komplexitat der menschenmoglichen Bewegungen wird insbesondere bei bimanuellen Bewegungen deutlich. Bei der Steuerung komplexer, bimanueller Bewegungen sind viele Teile des motorischen Systems strukturell und funktionell beteiligt (Fink 2001). Diese kortikalen Netzwerke fur die bimanuelle Koordination kann man mit neuen Methoden der Netzwerkanalyse charakterisieren und zudem mit der funktionellen Bildgebung erfassen, wie diese Netzwerke durch Schlaganfalle gestort und durch neuromodulatorische Verfahren wieder restituiert werden konnen. Die Aufklarung der Prozesse der Bewegungsentstehung ist zugleich ein wichtiger Schritt, sich wissenschaftlich-philosophischen Fragen uber die menschliche Fahigkeit der »willkurlichen« Entscheidung (»freier Wille«), der Handlungsabsicht (»Motivation «) sowie des vorausschauenden Planens und Handelns zu nahern.

Gereon R. Fink

Papers

Differentiation of a Falcine Meningioma From Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Using DOTATATE PET.

Motorik und Handlung

Low beta-band suppression as a tool for DBS contact selection for akinetic-rigid symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

Immuntherapie und zielgerichtete Therapie von Gliomen

P 42 Congenital myasthenia in adult patients – a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge