抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Background and Purpose—The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audienc...

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-early-management-of-patients-with-acute-19udbft6e7.pdf

Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

BackgroundSubthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is a well-established treatment for patients with Parkinsons disease. Previous acute challenge studies suggested that short pulse widths might increase the therapeutic window while maintaining motor symptom control. ObjectivesTo investigate in patients with Parkinsons disease and nucleus subthalamicus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) whether short pulse width stimulation with 30{micro}s maintains equal motor control as conventional 60{micro}s stimulation over a period of 4 weeks. MethodsIn this monocentric, double-blinded, randomized crossover trial, 30 patients with Parkinsons disease and STN-DBS were enrolled and assigned to 4 weeks of stimulation with 30{micro}s and 4 weeks of stimulation with 60{micro}s in randomized order (German Clinical Trials Register No. DRKS00017528). The primary outcome was the difference in motor symptom control as assessed by a motor diary. Secondary outcomes included energy consumption measures, non-motor effects, side-effects, and quality of life. ResultsA total of 24 patients were included in the final analysis. There was no difference in motor symptom control between the two treatment conditions. Concerning secondary outcomes there was no difference in energy consumption, non-motor symptoms, side-effects, or quality of life. On the individual level, patients preferring 30{micro}s tended to be more dyskinetic in the 60{micro}s setting, whereas patients preferring 60{micro}s experienced more off-time in the 30{micro}s setting. ConclusionsShort pulse width settings (30{micro}s) provide equal motor symptom control as conventional (60{micro}s) stimulation without significant differences in energy consumption. Future studies are warranted to evaluate a potential benefit of short pulse width settings in patients with pronounced dyskinesia.

/pdf/a-randomized-crossover-trial-of-short-versus-conventional-4vxojehq1y.pdf

A randomized crossover trial of short versus conventional pulse width DBS in Parkinsons Disease

Die klinische Neuropsychologie wurde in den letzten Jahrzehnten gemeinsam von Psychologen und Arzten als ein eigenstandiges klinisches und wissenschaftliches Fach etabliert. In jungerer Zeit wird jedoch zunehmend versucht, dieses Fach aus gesundheitspolitischen Grunden im Kontext der Psychotherapie zu verorten und im Zusammenhang mit der Weiterbildung zum psychologischen Psychotherapeuten zu definieren. Wir sehen diese Entwicklung formal und inhaltlich als falsch an und befurchten mittelfristig eine Gefahrdung des Patientenwohls.

Klinische Neuropsychologie ist keine psychologische Psychotherapie

Abstract: Cognitive impairment is a prominent symptom of the post-COVID syndrome (PCS). However, the correspondence between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and objective results is inconsistent. Here, we investigated this discrepancy. This longitudinal study included N = 42 individuals who reported SCC as PCS after mild infection at inclusion. Data collection comprised questionnaires and neuropsychological assessment at baseline and follow-up (FU). At FU – on average 15 months after acute COVID-19 – 88 % of patients reported persisting SCC. There was an approx. 40 % discrepancy between subjective report and test results at both visits. Patients with SCC and objective impairment indicated elevated fatigue and reduced quality of life compared to patients without SCC at FU. A growing number of patients is anticipated to request neuropsychological assessments even after mild infections.

Gereon R. Fink

Papers

A randomized crossover trial of short versus conventional pulse width DBS in Parkinsons Disease

Klinische Neuropsychologie ist keine psychologische Psychotherapie

Subjective and Objective Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome

Position discrimination in one - versus two - dimensions: an fMRI-study

Progress in neurology - psychiatry