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Optical Shop Testing

The “Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications,” LhARA, is conceived as a novel, flexible facility dedicated to the study of radiobiology. The technologies demonstrated in LhARA, which have wide application, will be developed to allow particle-beam therapy to be delivered in a new regimen, combining a variety of ion species in a single treatment fraction and exploiting ultra-high dose rates. LhARA will be a hybrid accelerator system in which laser interactions drive the creation of a large flux of protons or light ions that are captured using a plasma (Gabor) lens and formed into a beam. The laser-driven source allows protons and ions to be captured at energies significantly above those that pertain in conventional facilities, thus evading the current space-charge limit on the instantaneous dose rate that can be delivered. The laser-hybrid approach, therefore, will allow the radiobiology that determines the response of tissue to ionizing radiation to be studied with protons and light ions using a wide variety of time structures, spectral distributions, and spatial configurations at instantaneous dose rates up to and significantly beyond the ultra-high dose-rate “FLASH” regime. It is proposed that LhARA be developed in two stages. In the first stage, a programme of in vitro radiobiology will be served with proton beams with energies between 10 and 15 MeV. In stage two, the beam will be accelerated using a fixed-field alternating-gradient accelerator (FFA). This will allow experiments to be carried out in vitro and in vivo with proton beam energies of up to 127 MeV. In addition, ion beams with energies up to 33.4 MeV per nucleon will be available for in vitro and in vivo experiments. This paper presents the conceptual design for LhARA and the R&D programme by which the LhARA consortium seeks to establish the facility.

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LhARA:The Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications

Iterative autofocusing strategy for axial distance error correction in ptychography

The properties of a series of phase measurement techniques, including interferometry, the Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor, the knife-edge technique, and coherent diffraction imaging, are summarized and their performance in high power laser applications is compared. The advantages, disadvantages, and application ranges of each technique are discussed.

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Wavefront measurement techniques used in high power lasers

Aperture-scanning Fourier ptychography [Opt. Express22, 13586 (2014)] is a promising non-interferometric wavefront measurement technique. It eliminates the thin-sample requirement in typical Fourier ptychography employing angle-varying illumination. However, as aperture-scanning Fourier ptychography is based on step-by-step scanning, it requires long data acquisition time and a high-stability optical system. In this paper, we propose a single-shot aperture-scanning Fourier ptychography method. In our method, multiple low-resolution images are collected in a single shot by inserting a Dammann grating at a certain distance before the aperture, and the images are subsequently converted to a high-resolution complex wavefront. Compared with scanning-based aperture-scanning Fourier ptychography, the total acquisition time of the proposed method is dramatically reduced. The feasibility of our proposed method is demonstrated by proof-of-concept experiments.

Single-shot aperture-scanning Fourier ptychography.

Wavefront control is a significant parameter in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The complex transmittance of large optical elements which are often used in ICF is obtained by computing the phase difference of the illuminating and transmitting fields using Ptychographical Iterative Engine (PIE). This can accurately and effectively measure the transmittance of large optical elements with irregular surface profiles, which are otherwise not measurable using commonly used interferometric techniques due to a lack of standard reference plate. Experiments are done with a Continue Phase Plate (CPP) to illustrate the feasibility of this method.

Measurement of the complex transmittance of large optical elements with Ptychographical Iterative Engine

Accurate measurements of the transmittance of large optical elements are essential to improve the energy density in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The required complex transmittance of such optical elements used in ICF is obtained by computing the phase difference between the illuminating and transmitting fields using modulation coherent imaging (MCI). A phase plate designed as a modulator has a known transmission function in this technique. It presents a simple and quick method to measure the transmittance of large optical elements with irregular surface profiles by retrieving it from only two diffraction patterns recorded by a CCD camera. The complex transmittance of a continuous phase plate (CPP) with a large aperture used in ICF is measured experimentally, and the results are found to agree with the designed value.

Measurement of the complex transmittance of large optical elements with modulation coherent imaging

A modified extended-ptychographical-iterative-engine (ePIE) algorithm is proposed to overcome the
disadvantages of ePIE technique and reduce the influence of stage hysteresis or backlash error. The exit wave
of a rotatable "screen" illuminated by plane wave is used as the illumination on the specimen, and the complex
transmission functions of the rotatable object and specimen can be simultaneously reconstructed. Compared with
the standard x-y scanning PIE algorithm, the proposed algorithm can completely avoid the influence of stage
hysteresis (or backlash error). The proposed algorithm also has higher convergence speed and better accuracy
than the standard PIE algorithm.

Phase imaging with rotating illumination

The invention discloses a light beam phase on-line measuring device and method. The device comprises a beam contracting device, a phase plate array and a light spot detector which are sequentially arranged along the spread direction of light beams to be tested. The phase plate array is formed by sequentially arraying N phase plates, wherein the phase distribution of the phase plates has been known, and N is a positive integer larger than one. The phase plate array and the light spot detector are fixed through fixing supporting rods. The output end of the light spot detector is connected with the input end of the computer. Only one light spot detector, one or more random phase plates with known distribution and a corresponding fixing device are needed by the measuring device, so that cost is far lower than that of a common interferometer. Only one diffraction light spot needs recording, so that requirements for environment stability are low, the resolution ratio is greatly improved, the convergence rate of the CDI algorithmic can be remarkably improved, and robustness can be increased. The measuring device and method can be used for high-precision detection and wavefront phase measurement of optical elements, the wavefront detection of pulse laser, and especially the wavefront on-line measurement in a high power laser driver.

Haiyan Wang

Papers

Measurement of the complex transmittance of large optical elements with Ptychographical Iterative Engine

Wavefront measurement techniques used in high power lasers

Measurement of the complex transmittance of large optical elements with modulation coherent imaging

Phase imaging with rotating illumination

Light beam phase on-line measuring device and method