THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Highly efficient removal of metal ion pollutants, such as toxic and nuclear waste-related metal ions, remains a serious task from the biological and environmental standpoint because of their harmful effects on human health and the environment. Recently, highly porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with excellent chemical stability and abundant functional groups, have represented a new addition to the area of capturing various types of hazardous metal ion pollutants. This review focuses on recent progress in reported MOFs and MOF-based composites as superior adsorbents for the efficient removal of toxic and nuclear waste-related metal ions. Aspects related to the interaction mechanisms between metal ions and MOF-based materials are systematically summarized, including macroscopic batch experiments, microscopic spectroscopy analysis, and theoretical calculations. The adsorption properties of various MOF-based materials are assessed and compared with those of other widely used adsorbents. Finally, we propose our personal insights into future research opportunities and challenges in the hope of stimulating more researchers to engage in this new field of MOF-based materials for environmental pollution management.

Metal–organic framework-based materials: superior adsorbents for the capture of toxic and radioactive metal ions

The presence of heavy metals in the industrial effluents has recently been a challenging issue for human health. Efficient removal of heavy metal ions from environment is one of the most important issues from biological and environmental point of view, and many studies have been devoted to investigate the environmental behavior of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, present both in the surface and underground wastewater. The aim of this review is to show the excellent removal capacity and environmental remediation of NZVI-based materials for various heavy metal ions. A new look on NZVI-based materials (e.g., modified or matrix-supported NZVI materials) and possible interaction mechanism (e.g., adsorption, reduction and oxidation) and the latest environmental application. The effects of various environmental conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, coexisting oxy-anions and cations) and potential problems for the removal of heavy metal ions on NZVI-based materials with the...

Environmental Remediation and Application of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron and Its Composites for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions: A Review

Chiral Salen Complexes: An Overview to Recoverable and Reusable Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts

g-C3N4/carbon dot-based nanocomposites serve as efficacious photocatalysts for environmental purification and energy generation: A review

The development of efficient strategies to promote spatial charge separation is a promising way for the improvement of photocatalytic performance. Herein, a novel surface oxygen vacancy (OVs) modified Bi2MoO6/MIL-88B(Fe) heterostructure (BMO/M88) was exemplified by a facile two steps solvothermal method to demonstrate synergistic promotion of bulk & interface charge separation. Due to the existence of OVs and the construction of heterostructure, the Bi2MoO6/MIL-88B(Fe) composites exhibited significant enhancement of visible-light responsive range and possessed more efficient bulk & interface charge separation. This novel Bi2MoO6/MIL-88B(Fe) composites exhibited high visible light photocatalytic performance toward dye pollutant rhodamine B (RhB) and model colorless pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) photodegradation, and the possible Type II heterojunction mechanism of photocatalysis process was investigated. This work not only provides a novel pathway for design of MOFs-based heterojunction with surface OVs defect modification but also offers a strategy for significantly enhanced bulk & interface charge carriers separation.

Surface oxygen vacancy modified Bi2MoO6/MIL-88B(Fe) heterostructure with enhanced spatial charge separation at the bulk & interface

Biomass is vital for future energy use, but several disadvantages obstruct its commercial applications. Co-thermochemical conversions of biomass and fossil fuels are alternative methods for offsetting the disadvantages of biomass and improving the quality of bio-oil. This paper overviewed the state-of-the-art research and development of co-thermochemical conversions of biomass and fossil fuels (i.e., coal, oil sand and oil shale). Emphasis was placed on different types of feedstocks, three thermochemical conversion methods (i.e., co-pyrolysis, co-gasification and co-liquefaction) and the synergistic effects. Furthermore, the influencing factors, advantages and disadvantages, and the possible mechanisms related to these co-thermochemical conversion technologies are discussed. The current developments and prospects for co-thermochemical conversions of biomass and fossil fuels are also proposed.

Recent advances in co-thermochemical conversions of biomass with fossil fuels focusing on the synergistic effects

Solvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils.

An ionic liquid (IL) with low viscosity, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim][BF4]), was used to enhance bitumen recovery from oil sands by solvent extraction using a composite solvent of n-heptane and acetone. Results demonstrated that [Emim][BF4] increased the bitumen recovery by up to 95% at room temperature. Much less clay fines in the recovered bitumen than those using solvent extraction without IL, and organic residue was not observed in the spent sands. This technology circumvented the issue of tailing water because only a small amount of water was used to recycle IL, and organic solvent could be readily regenerated by distillation. The low viscosity of [Emim][BF4] made it outperform other alternative ILs for application in the oil sand industry. Results also highlighted the role of acetone in this technology (i.e., decrease IL viscosity and reduce IL consumption). The optimal solvent extraction conditions were found to be stirring for 10 min at 450 rpm at 25 °C. The optimized rat...

Ionic Liquid Enhanced Solvent Extraction for Bitumen Recovery from Oil Sands

The aim of this review is to discuss the applications of microwave heating to separation and purification processes in chemical engineering from the perspective of its three unique features, namely rapid heating, selective heating and specific microscopic effects. These features render microwaves an alternative clean energy source that can replace or complement the conventional heating in various separation processes. The rapid heating and evaporation of water under the influence of microwaves renders the technology valuable in materials drying and organic extraction. The direct and selective heating of materials with high dielectric loss in a mixture enables energy savings in the treatment of petrochemical products. In adsorption processes, microwave heating can selectively heat solid adsorbent material leading to the formation of micro “hot spots” (localized zones of high temperature), increasing the efficiency in adsorbent regeneration. Finally, a deeper understanding of the impact of microwaves on microscopic structure has led to novel separation methods, such as microwave-assisted pervaporation and microwave-assisted reactive distillation. An overview of the key mechanisms and developments of microwave heating in all these applications during the recent five years is provided and is followed by identification of the associated challenges in scale up. Fundamental research is still required for guiding further industrial application, while numerical simulations considering both heat transfer and distribution of the electromagnetic field in various reactor geometries can be helpful in the design of microwave reactors for large scale applications.

Hong Li

Papers

Surface oxygen vacancy modified Bi2MoO6/MIL-88B(Fe) heterostructure with enhanced spatial charge separation at the bulk & interface

Recent advances in co-thermochemical conversions of biomass with fossil fuels focusing on the synergistic effects

Solvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils.

Ionic Liquid Enhanced Solvent Extraction for Bitumen Recovery from Oil Sands

Fundamentals and applications of microwave heating to chemicals separation processes