Iris Hoxha

TL;DR: Detailed data about antimicrobial prescribing and resistance from hospitals worldwide will help to improve the quality of antibiotic prescribing through education and practice changes, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries that have no tools to monitor antibiotic prescribing in hospitals.

TL;DR: There is a need to document current practices and successful initiatives in LMICs to improve future antimicrobial use, and initiatives to reduce inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antimicrobials for URTIs as part of NAPs and other activities, are monitored.

TL;DR: The primary aim of this paper is to consider potential ways to optimize the use of new medicines balancing rising costs with increasing budgetary pressures to stimulate debate especially from a payer perspective.

TL;DR: If MEAs are to improve access, countries should establish clear objectives for their implementation and a monitoring framework to measure their performance, as well as the burden of implementation.

TL;DR: The characteristics of drug shortages, including their assortment, duration, frequency, and dynamics, were found to be variable and sometimes difficult to assess and there was an urgent need to develop a set of agreed definitions for drug shortages.