Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond.

Research to develop alternative electrode materials with high energy densities in Li-ion batteries has been actively pursued to satisfy the power demands for electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. This critical review focuses on anode materials composed of Group IV and V elements with their composites including Ag and Mg metals as well as transition metal oxides which have been intensively investigated. This critical review is devoted mainly to their electrochemical performances and reaction mechanisms (313 references).

Li-alloy based anode materials for Li secondary batteries.

Recent progress in high-voltage lithium ion batteries

Growing market demand for portable energy storage has triggered significant research on high-capacity lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery anodes. Various elements have been utilized in innovative structures to enable these anodes, which can potentially increase the energy density and decrease the cost of Li-ion batteries. In this review, electrode and material parameters are considered in anode fabrication. The periodic table is then used to explore how the choice of anode material affects rate performance, cycle stability, Li-ion insertion/extraction potentials, voltage hysteresis, volumetric and specific capacities, and other critical parameters. Silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn) anodes receive more attention in literature and in this review, but other elements, such as antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), and zinc (Zn) are also discussed. Among conversion anodes focus is placed on oxides, nitrides, phosphides, and hydrides. Nanostructured carbon (C) receives separate consideration. Issues in high- capacity research, such as volume change, insufficient coulombic efficiency, and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer stability are elucidated. Finally, advanced carbon composites utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, and size preserving external shells are discussed, including high mass loading (thick) electrodes and electrodes capable of providing load-bearing properties.

High‐Capacity Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Choice of Elements and Structures for Active Particles

Research progress in high voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 material

http://atarazanas.sci.uma.es/docs/articulos/16666781.pdf

Electrochemical properties of lead oxide films obtained by spray pyrolysis as negative electrodes for lithium secondary batteries

The electrochemical behavior of an Au-coated LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O4 nanospinel in lithium cells was studied at two different temperatures (25 and 50°C) and at five charge/discharge rates (C/6, C/4, 2C, 4C, and 8C). Two different coating methods were tested and the resulting products characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. One method, which involved treatment with HAuCl 4 in the presence of HCOH as reductant, resulted in poorer cell performance irrespective of the particular charge/discharge regime used, probably by effect of the attack on the material degrading its surface during the coating process. The other coating method involved evaporating Au on the spinel, the effect of coating on cell performance being dependent on both temperature and the charge/discharge rate. Thus, low rates (C/6, C/4) increased the capacity delivered by the cell at 50°C by ca. 20% relative to the bare spinel. This beneficial effect can be ascribed to the coating layer altering the electrolyte decomposition and the spinel particles being protected from attack by the species formed in the electrolyte decomposition. At high rates (2C, 4C), however, electrolyte decomposition played a minor role and crossing of the gold layer by lithium ions raised an energy barrier to be overcome. Under these conditions, the capacity delivered by the cell was markedly degraded irrespective of the temperature used.

Effects of Coating with Gold on the Performance of Nanosized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 for Lithium Batteries

http://www.biblioteca.uma.es/bbldoc/articulos/16670644.pdf

Use of amorphous tin-oxide films obtained by spray pyrolysis as electrodes in lithium batteries

http://personales.upv.es/~fjmanjon/sm42_134.pdf

Effect of thermal annealing on ZnO:Al thin films grown by spray pyrolysis

ZnO, TiO 2 and ZrO 2 thin films have been deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis onto differently galvanized steel strips (ThyssenKrupp Steel) for its potential use as protective layer against degradation due to ambient impact during long-term outdoor exposure. The steel strips shall be used as base material for unglazed solar collectors (EU project: SOLABS) 1 and must thus comply including all its overcoats (oxide barrier layer, selective layer, antireflection layer) with manufacturing requirements for collectors as moulding, forming, cutting, etc. In order to improve the so-called weatherability of the galvanized steel strip by coating it with an oxide barrier layer, conditions as total substrate coverage, high compactness and high optical transparency of the oxide barrier layer have to be fulfilled. In this communication, we present a comparative study of the morphological, structural, chemical and optical properties of potential oxide barrier layers (ZnO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 ) deposited by spray pyrolysis onto three types of galvanized steel substrates. Results from complementary analytic techniques as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–VIS–IR spectroscopy demonstrate that highly compact thin oxide layers can be produced protecting the steel substrate.

J.R. Ramos Barrado

Papers

Electrochemical properties of lead oxide films obtained by spray pyrolysis as negative electrodes for lithium secondary batteries

Effects of Coating with Gold on the Performance of Nanosized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 for Lithium Batteries

Use of amorphous tin-oxide films obtained by spray pyrolysis as electrodes in lithium batteries

Effect of thermal annealing on ZnO:Al thin films grown by spray pyrolysis

Oxide barrier coatings on steel strip by spray pyrolysis