Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review

Emissions of metals and other particle-phase species from on-road motor vehicles were measured in two tunnels in Milwaukee, WI during the summer of 2000 and winter of 2001. Emission factors were calculated from measurements of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particulate matter at tunnel entrances and exits, and effects of fleet composition and season were investigated. Cascade impactors (MOUDI) were used to obtain size-resolved metal emission rates. Metals were quantified with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). PM10 emission rates ranged from 38.7 to 201 mg km(-1) and were composed mainly of organic carbon (OC, 30%), inorganic ions (sulfate, chloride, nitrate, ammonium, 20%), metals (19%), and elemental carbon (EC, 9.3%). PM10 metal emissions were dominated by crustal elements Si, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, and K, and elements associated with tailpipe emissions and brake and tire wear, including Cu, Zn, Sb, Ba, Pb, and S. Metals emitted in PM2.5 were lower (11.6% of mass). Resuspension of roadway dust was dependent on weather and road surface conditions, and increased emissions were related to higher traffic volumes and fractions of heavy trucks. Emission of noble metals from catalytic converters appeared to be impacted by the presence of older vehicles. Elements related to brake wear were impacted by enriched road dust resuspension, but correlations between these elements in PM2.5 indicate that direct brake wear emissions are also important. A submicrometer particle mode was observed in the emissions of Pb, Ca, Fe, and Cu.

Emissions of Metals Associated with Motor Vehicle Roadways

https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/2030/901263.pdf;sequence=1

Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk.

Palladium--a Review of Exposure and Effects to Human Health

Airborne particulate matter, platinum group elements and human health: a review of recent evidence.

Environmental risk of particulate and soluble platinum group elements released from gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters.

http://www.biblioteca.uma.es/bbldoc/articulos/16669708.pdf

J Santamarı́a

Papers

Environmental risk of particulate and soluble platinum group elements released from gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters.

Platinum-group elements: quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces.