Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

New evidence and consensus has led to further revision of the McDonald Criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The use of imaging for demonstration of dissemination of central nervous system lesions in space and time has been simplified, and in some circumstances dissemination in space and time can be established by a single scan. These revisions simplify the Criteria, preserve their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, address their applicability across populations, and may allow earlier diagnosis and more uniform and widespread use.

/pdf/diagnostic-criteria-for-multiple-sclerosis-2010-revisions-to-24iph50480.pdf

Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

The 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis are widely used in research and clinical practice. Scientific advances in the past 7 years suggest that they might no longer provide the most up-to-date guidance for clinicians and researchers. The International Panel on Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis reviewed the 2010 McDonald criteria and recommended revisions. The 2017 McDonald criteria continue to apply primarily to patients experiencing a typical clinically isolated syndrome, define what is needed to fulfil dissemination in time and space of lesions in the CNS, and stress the need for no better explanation for the presentation. The following changes were made: in patients with a typical clinically isolated syndrome and clinical or MRI demonstration of dissemination in space, the presence of CSF-specific oligoclonal bands allows a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis; symptomatic lesions can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space or time in patients with supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord syndrome; and cortical lesions can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space. Research to further refine the criteria should focus on optic nerve involvement, validation in diverse populations, and incorporation of advanced imaging, neurophysiological, and body fluid markers.

/pdf/diagnosis-of-multiple-sclerosis-2017-revisions-of-the-55ct02l5o1.pdf

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria

Economic values of biological collections in three Australian botanic gardens in Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney were estimated using the travelâcost method (TCM) and the contingent valuation method (CVM). The TCM component of the study produced average perâtrip consumer surplus (CS) values of $39 and $18 for singleâ and multipleâsite visitors, respectively, for each botanic garden, resulting in an estimate of approximately $194 million for the total social welfare generated by trips to the three sites. Marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for access to botanic gardens was also investigated through payment vehicles of entry fees or higher parking charges using the CVM component. The analysis revealed a positive mean WTP of between $3 and $5 per trip per person. The difference between the CVM and TCM results reflect the different underlying concepts of value under investigation: average CS per visit for the TCM and the utility arising from a marginal visit for the CVM. Marginal changes in CS from the TCM were derived. The confidence intervals from the TCM marginal values overlap the WTP estimates from the CVM. These findings will be useful for resource management decisions in the botanic gardens collection in Australia.

Valuing Australian botanic collections: a combined travelâcost and contingent valuation study

Australian Centre for International
Agricultural Research, Grant/Award
Number: FST/2011/003; Australian
Research Council, Grant/Award Number:
DE160101306

Predicting the effectiveness of community anti-poaching patrols for conserving threatened wildlife in the Lao PDR

International Values of Tropical Forest Conservation: A Cross-cultural Contingent Valuation Experiment

This paper presents analysis of the decision-making strategies adopted by respondents when confronted with potential policy options that include changes in both aggregate levels of welfare and equity in distribution. The analysis is based on the results of a choice experiment designed to estimate intergenerational distributional preferences. Non-linear welfare functions are employed within a conventional conditional logit framework. The heuristics employed by respondents in the stated preference context provide valuable insights into the application of welfare principles by respondents in determining trade-offs between the potential changes in the well-being of different generations.

Decision-Making in a Social Welfare Context

A Payments for Environmental Services (PES) scheme that involves setting a ‘pseudo market price’ requires the estimation of demand and supply. This paper presents the estimated marginal costs of anti-poaching patrols designed to enhance biodiversity in two protected areas in Lao PDR. This supply information was used in conjunction with environmental production functions and estimated demand for biodiversity to determine the ‘price’ paid per patrol. Marginal costs were estimated through uniform-price conservation actions: Teams of local people interested in being part of the PES scheme bid for the number of patrols they would like to provide in response to a range of offered prices. The auction process generated a sequence of well-behaved price-quantity pairs that track the individual marginal cost function of each bidding team accounting for both fixed and variable costs. The marginal costs vary across bidders. These variations can be explained by differences in competing employment and income opportunities across bidders, village locations and seasons. The results provide evidence of heterogeneous opportunity costs of supply and suggest an efficiency loss in assuming homogeneity.

/pdf/costing-biodiversity-protection-payments-for-environmental-4gojsgur4h.pdf

Jeffrey Bennett

Papers

Valuing Australian botanic collections: a combined travelâcost and contingent valuation study

Predicting the effectiveness of community anti-poaching patrols for conserving threatened wildlife in the Lao PDR

International Values of Tropical Forest Conservation: A Cross-cultural Contingent Valuation Experiment

Decision-Making in a Social Welfare Context

Costing biodiversity protection: payments for environmental services schemes in Lao PDR