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Abstract A two-dimensional version of the Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model has been applied to Winter Monsoon Experiment data in order to simulate the diurnally occurring convection observed over the South China Sea. The domain includes a representation of part of Borneo as well as the sea so that the model can simulate the initiation of convection. Also included in the model are parameterizations of mesoscale ice phase and moisture processes and longwave and shortwave radiation with a diurnal cycle. This allows use of the model to test the relative importance of various heating mechanisms to the stratiform cloud deck, which typically occupies several hundred kilometers of the domain. Frank and Cohen's cumulus parameterization scheme is employed to represent vital unresolved vertical transports in the convective area. The major conclusions are: Ice phase processes are important in determining the level of maximum large-scale heating and vertical motion because there is a strong anvil componen...

Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model [presentation]

Preface 1. Decision-Theoretic Foundations 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 1.3 Axioms 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization Theorem 1.5 Equivalent Representations 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 1.7 Limitations of the Bayesian Model 1.8 Domination 1.9 Proofs of the Domination Theorems Exercises 2. Basic Models 2.1 Games in Extensive Form 2.2 Strategic Form and the Normal Representation 2.3 Equivalence of Strategic-Form Games 2.4 Reduced Normal Representations 2.5 Elimination of Dominated Strategies 2.6 Multiagent Representations 2.7 Common Knowledge 2.8 Bayesian Games 2.9 Modeling Games with Incomplete Information Exercises 3. Equilibria of Strategic-Form Games 3.1 Domination and Ratonalizability 3.2 Nash Equilibrium 3.3 Computing Nash Equilibria 3.4 Significance of Nash Equilibria 3.5 The Focal-Point Effect 3.6 The Decision-Analytic Approach to Games 3.7 Evolution. Resistance. and Risk Dominance 3.8 Two-Person Zero-Sum Games 3.9 Bayesian Equilibria 3.10 Purification of Randomized Strategies in Equilibria 3.11 Auctions 3.12 Proof of Existence of Equilibrium 3.13 Infinite Strategy Sets Exercises 4. Sequential Equilibria of Extensive-Form Games 4.1 Mixed Strategies and Behavioral Strategies 4.2 Equilibria in Behavioral Strategies 4.3 Sequential Rationality at Information States with Positive Probability 4.4 Consistent Beliefs and Sequential Rationality at All Information States 4.5 Computing Sequential Equilibria 4.6 Subgame-Perfect Equilibria 4.7 Games with Perfect Information 4.8 Adding Chance Events with Small Probability 4.9 Forward Induction 4.10 Voting and Binary Agendas 4.11 Technical Proofs Exercises 5. Refinements of Equilibrium in Strategic Form 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Perfect Equilibria 5.3 Existence of Perfect and Sequential Equilibria 5.4 Proper Equilibria 5.5 Persistent Equilibria 5.6 Stable Sets 01 Equilibria 5.7 Generic Properties 5.8 Conclusions Exercises 6. Games with Communication 6.1 Contracts and Correlated Strategies 6.2 Correlated Equilibria 6.3 Bayesian Games with Communication 6.4 Bayesian Collective-Choice Problems and Bayesian Bargaining Problems 6.5 Trading Problems with Linear Utility 6.6 General Participation Constraints for Bayesian Games with Contracts 6.7 Sender-Receiver Games 6.8 Acceptable and Predominant Correlated Equilibria 6.9 Communication in Extensive-Form and Multistage Games Exercises Bibliographic Note 7. Repeated Games 7.1 The Repeated Prisoners Dilemma 7.2 A General Model of Repeated Garnet 7.3 Stationary Equilibria of Repeated Games with Complete State Information and Discounting 7.4 Repeated Games with Standard Information: Examples 7.5 General Feasibility Theorems for Standard Repeated Games 7.6 Finitely Repeated Games and the Role of Initial Doubt 7.7 Imperfect Observability of Moves 7.8 Repeated Wines in Large Decentralized Groups 7.9 Repeated Games with Incomplete Information 7.10 Continuous Time 7.11 Evolutionary Simulation of Repeated Games Exercises 8. Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory 8.2 Two-Person Bargaining Problems and the Nash Bargaining Solution 8.3 Interpersonal Comparisons of Weighted Utility 8.4 Transferable Utility 8.5 Rational Threats 8.6 Other Bargaining Solutions 8.7 An Alternating-Offer Bargaining Game 8.8 An Alternating-Offer Game with Incomplete Information 8.9 A Discrete Alternating-Offer Game 8.10 Renegotiation Exercises 9. Coalitions in Cooperative Games 9.1 Introduction to Coalitional Analysis 9.2 Characteristic Functions with Transferable Utility 9.3 The Core 9.4 The Shapkey Value 9.5 Values with Cooperation Structures 9.6 Other Solution Concepts 9.7 Colational Games with Nontransferable Utility 9.8 Cores without Transferable Utility 9.9 Values without Transferable Utility Exercises Bibliographic Note 10. Cooperation under Uncertainty 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of Efficiency 10.3 An Example 10.4 Ex Post Inefficiency and Subsequent Oilers 10.5 Computing Incentive-Efficient Mechanisms 10.6 Inscrutability and Durability 10.7 Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 10.9 Dynamic Matching Processes with Incomplete Information Exercises Bibliography Index

博弈论 : 矛盾冲突分析 = Game theory : analysis of conflict

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized mobile cloud computing toward mobile edge computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also discuss a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized Mobile Cloud Computing towards Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also present a research outlook consisting of a set of promising directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

A medium access control method and equipment for supporting intelligent antenna application. The method includes: the access point determines the user station number currently correlative with the access point and the directional beam width for scanning(101); the access point chooses the access method with the best performance under the current user station number and the directional beam width, according to the relationship between the two beforehand established parameters of the user station number and the directional beam width and the access method with the best performance(102); the access point uses the chosen access method to provide the access for the user station point(103). The access point equipment includes: the intelligent antenna unit, the determining unit, the memory unit, the processing unit, and the access unit. The method or equipment can adaptively choose the access method currently with the best performance and provide the access for the user station point, according to the current traffic load of the network.

Medium access control method and equipment for supporting intelligent antenna application

With the flexible collection of received signal strengths (RSSs) by wide and ubiquitous indoor Wi-Fi infrastructures, the indoor fingerprint-based localization systems based on RSSs are gaining popularity. However, the device heterogeneity significantly degrades the performance of the fingerprint-based localization. Since different devices have different reception sensitivity, the RSSs collected by different devices at the same location for the same access point (AP) may be significantly different. To handle the device heterogeneity problem, we propose an AP selection based calibration-free method, which includes offline phase and online phase. In particular, an AP selection method is designed in the offline phase and selects the APs whose RSSs are of great difference for constructing fingerprint database. Moreover, a signal strength difference ranking method is designed in the online phase, which alleviates the impact of heterogeneous devices. Especially, experiments results validate that the proposed method could improve the region localization accuracy up to 23%, compared with the existing calibration-free methods.

Fingerprint Similarity Indoor Localization: An AP Selection Based Approach

Previous studies on the impacts of severe haze episode on meteorology were generally focused on single episodes. This study aimed to obtain the common features of the influence of aerosol direct radiative effects on meteorology during severe particulate pollution events by composite analyses on model results from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with online chemistry. Five heavily polluted events (15–17 January 2014, 13–15 January 2015, 8–10 December 2015, 21–23 December 2015, and 29–31 December 2016) in the North China Plain (NCP, 35.4–41.2°N, 113.3–119.3°E) were selected, which were representative of the most frequently observed weather patterns for severe haze. Model results showed that aerosols in the five heavily polluted events led to strong negative changes in radiative flux of 52.1–86.7 W m−2, reductions in the 2‐m temperature by 0.28–0.97°C, and the reductions in planetary boundary layer heights by 23.1–58.5 m, when averaged over the areas with PM2.5 concentrations >150 μg m−3. The magnitudes of aerosol induced changes in the 2‐m temperature were found to be influenced not only by aerosol concentration but also by wind speed, wind direction, and the convergence or divergence of winds. High wind speed diluted the aerosol‐induced cooling, the convergence of wind limited the temperature change to local area, and the intrusion of cold air mass near the surface enhanced the aerosol‐induced cooling. In all the cases, aerosols induced an anti‐cyclone at 500 hPa around NCP and anomalous northerlies or northeasterlies at the surface in the eastern NCP.

Composite Analysis of Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects on Meteorology During Wintertime Severe Haze Events in the North China Plain

Least Square (LS) channel estimation has been widely used in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) systems. However, it's rather sensitive to Guassian white noise. In this paper, we present a new algorithm which deals with the LS estimation results through wavelet shrinkage denoising based on Stein’s unbiased risk estimation (SURE) criterion. This algorithm can effectively remove the influence of noise in the channels and minimize the estimation risk. Consequently, the sensitivity to noise of LS estimation is diminished. Simulation in the scenario of IEEE802.16 downlink transmission shows that the proposed algorithm has significant advantage over LS and modified LS estimators.

Improved Channel Estimation Using Wavelet Denoising for OFDM and OFDMA Systems

In a massive MIMO-enabled cognitive HetNet, a multi-user massive MIMO macrocell is underlaid with dense cognitive small cells. Then, a plenty of exclusion zones (EZs) are formed around co-scheduled macrocell users. Applying enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) in each EZ separately, we propose an EZ-assisted eICIC scheme which arranges a customized eICIC configuration for each EZ independently to others. The proposed scheme can overcome potential weaknesses of current eICIC and that of cognitive HetNets. Then, the EZ-assisted eICIC configuration problem is formulated as a general optimization problem, which maximizes overall weighted sum rate of the network. Since the problem is intractable, a cluster segmentation approach is, therefore, proposed to convert the problem into a feasible version. Furthermore, we design an iterative multi-user scheduling-based algorithm to solve the problem. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed EZ-assisted eICIC scheme significantly outperforms eICIC and further eICIC in dense HetNet.

Jiandong Li

Papers

Medium access control method and equipment for supporting intelligent antenna application

Fingerprint Similarity Indoor Localization: An AP Selection Based Approach

Composite Analysis of Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects on Meteorology During Wintertime Severe Haze Events in the North China Plain

Improved Channel Estimation Using Wavelet Denoising for OFDM and OFDMA Systems

Exclusion Zone Assisted eICIC in Massive MIMO Enabled Cognitive HetNets