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Abstract A two-dimensional version of the Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model has been applied to Winter Monsoon Experiment data in order to simulate the diurnally occurring convection observed over the South China Sea. The domain includes a representation of part of Borneo as well as the sea so that the model can simulate the initiation of convection. Also included in the model are parameterizations of mesoscale ice phase and moisture processes and longwave and shortwave radiation with a diurnal cycle. This allows use of the model to test the relative importance of various heating mechanisms to the stratiform cloud deck, which typically occupies several hundred kilometers of the domain. Frank and Cohen's cumulus parameterization scheme is employed to represent vital unresolved vertical transports in the convective area. The major conclusions are: Ice phase processes are important in determining the level of maximum large-scale heating and vertical motion because there is a strong anvil componen...

Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model [presentation]

Preface 1. Decision-Theoretic Foundations 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 1.3 Axioms 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization Theorem 1.5 Equivalent Representations 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 1.7 Limitations of the Bayesian Model 1.8 Domination 1.9 Proofs of the Domination Theorems Exercises 2. Basic Models 2.1 Games in Extensive Form 2.2 Strategic Form and the Normal Representation 2.3 Equivalence of Strategic-Form Games 2.4 Reduced Normal Representations 2.5 Elimination of Dominated Strategies 2.6 Multiagent Representations 2.7 Common Knowledge 2.8 Bayesian Games 2.9 Modeling Games with Incomplete Information Exercises 3. Equilibria of Strategic-Form Games 3.1 Domination and Ratonalizability 3.2 Nash Equilibrium 3.3 Computing Nash Equilibria 3.4 Significance of Nash Equilibria 3.5 The Focal-Point Effect 3.6 The Decision-Analytic Approach to Games 3.7 Evolution. Resistance. and Risk Dominance 3.8 Two-Person Zero-Sum Games 3.9 Bayesian Equilibria 3.10 Purification of Randomized Strategies in Equilibria 3.11 Auctions 3.12 Proof of Existence of Equilibrium 3.13 Infinite Strategy Sets Exercises 4. Sequential Equilibria of Extensive-Form Games 4.1 Mixed Strategies and Behavioral Strategies 4.2 Equilibria in Behavioral Strategies 4.3 Sequential Rationality at Information States with Positive Probability 4.4 Consistent Beliefs and Sequential Rationality at All Information States 4.5 Computing Sequential Equilibria 4.6 Subgame-Perfect Equilibria 4.7 Games with Perfect Information 4.8 Adding Chance Events with Small Probability 4.9 Forward Induction 4.10 Voting and Binary Agendas 4.11 Technical Proofs Exercises 5. Refinements of Equilibrium in Strategic Form 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Perfect Equilibria 5.3 Existence of Perfect and Sequential Equilibria 5.4 Proper Equilibria 5.5 Persistent Equilibria 5.6 Stable Sets 01 Equilibria 5.7 Generic Properties 5.8 Conclusions Exercises 6. Games with Communication 6.1 Contracts and Correlated Strategies 6.2 Correlated Equilibria 6.3 Bayesian Games with Communication 6.4 Bayesian Collective-Choice Problems and Bayesian Bargaining Problems 6.5 Trading Problems with Linear Utility 6.6 General Participation Constraints for Bayesian Games with Contracts 6.7 Sender-Receiver Games 6.8 Acceptable and Predominant Correlated Equilibria 6.9 Communication in Extensive-Form and Multistage Games Exercises Bibliographic Note 7. Repeated Games 7.1 The Repeated Prisoners Dilemma 7.2 A General Model of Repeated Garnet 7.3 Stationary Equilibria of Repeated Games with Complete State Information and Discounting 7.4 Repeated Games with Standard Information: Examples 7.5 General Feasibility Theorems for Standard Repeated Games 7.6 Finitely Repeated Games and the Role of Initial Doubt 7.7 Imperfect Observability of Moves 7.8 Repeated Wines in Large Decentralized Groups 7.9 Repeated Games with Incomplete Information 7.10 Continuous Time 7.11 Evolutionary Simulation of Repeated Games Exercises 8. Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory 8.2 Two-Person Bargaining Problems and the Nash Bargaining Solution 8.3 Interpersonal Comparisons of Weighted Utility 8.4 Transferable Utility 8.5 Rational Threats 8.6 Other Bargaining Solutions 8.7 An Alternating-Offer Bargaining Game 8.8 An Alternating-Offer Game with Incomplete Information 8.9 A Discrete Alternating-Offer Game 8.10 Renegotiation Exercises 9. Coalitions in Cooperative Games 9.1 Introduction to Coalitional Analysis 9.2 Characteristic Functions with Transferable Utility 9.3 The Core 9.4 The Shapkey Value 9.5 Values with Cooperation Structures 9.6 Other Solution Concepts 9.7 Colational Games with Nontransferable Utility 9.8 Cores without Transferable Utility 9.9 Values without Transferable Utility Exercises Bibliographic Note 10. Cooperation under Uncertainty 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of Efficiency 10.3 An Example 10.4 Ex Post Inefficiency and Subsequent Oilers 10.5 Computing Incentive-Efficient Mechanisms 10.6 Inscrutability and Durability 10.7 Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 10.9 Dynamic Matching Processes with Incomplete Information Exercises Bibliography Index

博弈论 : 矛盾冲突分析 = Game theory : analysis of conflict

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized mobile cloud computing toward mobile edge computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also discuss a set of issues, challenges, and future research directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing: The Communication Perspective

Driven by the visions of Internet of Things and 5G communications, recent years have seen a paradigm shift in mobile computing, from the centralized Mobile Cloud Computing towards Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). The main feature of MEC is to push mobile computing, network control and storage to the network edges (e.g., base stations and access points) so as to enable computation-intensive and latency-critical applications at the resource-limited mobile devices. MEC promises dramatic reduction in latency and mobile energy consumption, tackling the key challenges for materializing 5G vision. The promised gains of MEC have motivated extensive efforts in both academia and industry on developing the technology. A main thrust of MEC research is to seamlessly merge the two disciplines of wireless communications and mobile computing, resulting in a wide-range of new designs ranging from techniques for computation offloading to network architectures. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art MEC research with a focus on joint radio-and-computational resource management. We also present a research outlook consisting of a set of promising directions for MEC research, including MEC system deployment, cache-enabled MEC, mobility management for MEC, green MEC, as well as privacy-aware MEC. Advancements in these directions will facilitate the transformation of MEC from theory to practice. Finally, we introduce recent standardization efforts on MEC as well as some typical MEC application scenarios.

The exponential growth of services demands further increase of spectral efficiency which drives the next generation wireless access networks towards deploying femtocells with frequency reuse. However, the interference will be severe especially in dense deployment scenarios. The fair resource allocation problem by joint consideration of sub-channel assignment and interference alignment (IA) is more complicated than the traditional problem. First, not all the users are appropriate for IA since the number of participant users is limited by the feasibility constraint and the interference power levels are different for the path loss. Second, IA can increase the degrees-of-freedoms while occupy additional signal dimensions of participant users, hence more sub-channels are needed by IA compared with the non-participants when each user transmits the same number of streams. This study models the fair resource allocation problem as an optimisation problem, which is a non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. To solve it with low complexity, the authors propose a graph-based scheme to give the approximate solution, where the selection criteria of IA group are based on the influence of IA on the interference graph. Simulation results show that the authors scheme can approximate the optimal solution in a small network and improve the fairness in dense deployment scenarios.

Graph-based fair resource allocation scheme combining interference alignment in femtocell networks

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) has been recently proposed as an efficient multiple access scheme, which allows non-orthogonal spectrum resource sharing and enables system overloading. In this paper, we apply SCMA into device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaid cellular network, targeting at using the overload feature of SCMA to increase device connectivity and expand network capacity. In particular, we develop a stochastic geometry based framework to analyze the influence of SCMA on the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) statistics of a typical cellular uplink and a typical D2D link. Based on the results, we analytically compare SCMA with orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) using area spectral efficiency (ASE) and quantify the closed-form ASE gain of SCMA over OFDMA. Notably, it is numerically shown that system ASE can be significantly improved using SCMA, asymptotically 38% increase over OFDMA under typical system settings. In addition, we enable interference management by allowing D2D users to use slotted ALOHA and derive the optimal multiple access probability (MAP) in order to maximize the proportional fairness utility function. The results are helpful in the implementation of SCMA in D2D underlaid cellular network.

Modeling SCMA in D2D underlaid cellular network

We investigate the problem of precoding optimization in an amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) relay system. Most reported works on this problem focus chiefly on the design of relay precoder without simultaneously optimizing the direct link. In this paper, we propose a method for joint source/relay precoder design, taking both direct and relay links into account. Our design is based on maximizing the mutual information (MI) under limited transmission power constraints at the source and relay, respectively. We first formulate a constrained optimization problem before relaxing the original cost function for tractability and derive a MI lower bound which asymptotically approaches the exact expression of MI in an iterative fashion. In contrast to previous strategies, we then prove that the optimal structure of the source and relay precoders jointly convert the MIMO relay channel into a bank of single-input-single-output (SISO) relay channels without having to assume a beamforming structure to simplify the derivation. Specifically, the linear precoding design problem degenerates into power loading among multiple SISO relay channels. Applying standard Lagrange technique results in a scalar convex optimization which can be readily solved by iterative water filling. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed scheme, either exploiting partial or full channel state information (CSI), significantly outperforms the existing methods.

On Precoder Design for Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems

This paper investigates the resource management problem for device-to-device (D2D) underlaying cellular network. In particular, cellular users employ sparse code multiple access (SCMA) while D2D users employ orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). In this system, the cross-tier interference between cellular users and D2D users is highly coupled and if not properly handled, the potentials of the two 5G key enabling technologies (i.e., SCMA and D2D) cannot be fully exploited. To tackle this problem, we first construct an interference graph to depict the cross-tier interference, based on which an efficient resource allocation algorithm is devised to well coordinate the interference. Then, we propose an easily implemented iterative power control scheme to optimize the transmit power of all users. Finally, simulation results exhibit the performance gain of our algorithms as compared with other schemes.

Resource management for D2D underlaying cellular network with hybrid multiple access technologies

Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) is an efficient technique to increase cell-edge coverage probability and throughput in cloud radio access network (C- RAN). In this paper, we develop a tractable framework to analytically evaluate the performance of two typical CoMP schemes, namely, zero-forcing beamforming(ZFBF) and non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT). Using the stochastic geometry based approach, we characterize the signal-to- interference ratio (SIR) distribution at a typical downlink user. Furthermore, we consider the effect of imperfect channel state information (CSI) on coverage probability of the typical user from the practical design perspective. It is observed that ZFBF can outperform NC-JT only when there is sufficient overhead to convey the quantized CSI. In summary, this work serves as a good rule of thumb to compare the effect of CoMP techniques in C-RAN.

Jiandong Li

Papers

Graph-based fair resource allocation scheme combining interference alignment in femtocell networks

Modeling SCMA in D2D underlaid cellular network

On Precoder Design for Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems

Resource management for D2D underlaying cellular network with hybrid multiple access technologies

Comp Transmission in Cloud Radio Access Networks