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Showing papers by "Joachim Schulz published in 2008"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to modify the perception of the LIGA process by addressing some quality properties of the process by taking two different examples and addressing the throughput and cost situation by establishing a mass fabrication line for direct LigA products at ANKA.
Abstract: Geometrical and dimensional tolerances, obtainable precisions, accuracy, surface quality and roughness need to be controlled in order to realise effective processes and to achieve a real improvement in micromanufacturing technologies. For the fabrication of highly precise mm parts, different processes can be chosen. The LIGA technique, a German acronym consisting of the letters LI (Rontgen Lithographie meaning X-ray lithography), G (Galvanik meaning electroforming) and A (Abformung meaning molding) developed at the Research Center Karlsruhe, offers the possibility to manufacture microstructures with a number of unique features. With these properties, LIGA is on the leading edge of microfabrication. This is a well known issue to most participants in the micro sector. However, most actors consider LIGA to be very expensive, to take much time from design up to realization, and to impose a number of quality problems. In this paper, we try to modify the perception of the LIGA process by addressing some quality properties of the process by taking two different examples and we address the throughput and cost situation by establishing a mass fabrication line for direct LIGA products at ANKA.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the 4D photoelectron spectrum of free thulium atoms is measured and calculated in the single-configuration intermediate-coupling approximation considering multiplet splitting and lifetime broadening of the spectral components due to radiationless transitions following the 4d ionization.
Abstract: The 4d photoelectron spectrum of free thulium atoms is measured and calculated in the single-configuration intermediate-coupling approximation considering multiplet splitting and lifetime broadening of the spectral components due to radiationless transitions following the 4d ionization. The individual natural widths of the 4d94f13 multiplet components are found to differ considerably, and the experimental profile of the spectrum can be reproduced theoretically only if this effect is taken into account.

19 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Oct 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the current activities and different techniques to generate radially polarised CO2 and solid-state laser beams, including the application of this technology to thin-disk laser resonators.
Abstract: In the recent years high-power laser beams with radial polarization have attracted an increasing interest because of their interesting properties in material processing. We present an overview of the current activities and different techniques to generate such beams in CO2 and solid-state lasers. With a polarising end-mirror which comprises a resonant grating on a dielectric multilayer Bragg-structure we recently demonstrated a 3-kW radially polarised CO2 laser. Current investigations are also focused especially on the application of this technology to thin-disk lasers. The specific requirements and the whole development from the design and fabrication to the characterization and test are illustrated with the example of a multilayer polarizing grating mirror developed to generate a radially polarised beam in an Yb:YAG thin-disc laser resonator. The potential of this kind of beams are discussed with a number of first application results, which largely confirm the predictions presented by Niziev et al1.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of screen imperfection on its transmission characteristics was investigated in the near IR wavelength region (1.2μm) and the effect of the screen imperfections on the performance of metal screen filters was investigated.

10 citations


Patent
14 Jul 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a phase shifting device (42') was proposed for stabilizing radially or azimuthally polarized laser radiation within a laser resonator (40') that comprises a polarizer device for generating a phase difference (Δφ) ranging from about 30° to about 330°.
Abstract: The invention relates to a phase shifting device (42') for stabilizing radially or azimuthally polarized laser radiation within a laser resonator (40') that comprises a polarizer device (42') for generating radially or azimuthally polarized laser radiation (3a, 3b). The phase shifting device (42') is designed to generate a phase difference (Δφ) ranging from about 30° to about 330°, preferably from about 70° to about 290°, especially preferably from about 160° to about 200°, particularly a phase difference (Δφ) of about 180° per revolution in the laser resonator (40') while having an axial symmetry. The invention further relates to a laser resonator (40') comprising such a phase shifting device (42').

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present two studies: prototype fabrication and tests of 900 µm and 1400 and181;m thick direct Nickel/Cobalt (Ni/Co) LIG(A) gears made for a market leader in miniaturised micro powertrains, and the fabrication of 180 µm diameter direct gold (Au) gear wheels.
Abstract: For the fabrication of highly precise mm parts, different processes could be chosen. The performance criteria of any process are multiple; quality (to deliver to the customer what they expect) and price belongs to them. The LIGA fabrication technique meets the first point and in a near future, the second one as well. Why choose the direct LIGA technique and which performance can be achieved using this process? To answer these questions, we present two studies: prototype fabrication and tests of 900 µm and 1400 &181;m thick direct Nickel/Cobalt (Ni/Co) LIG(A) gears made for a market leader in miniaturised micro powertrains, and the fabrication of 180 µm thick direct gold (Au) gear wheels. The quality of the finished parts will be addressed. Furthermore, by taking these two cases as examples, we will present a simulation of future production using a fully automated fabrication line (FELIG).

4 citations


Patent
14 Jul 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a Phasenschiebe-Einrichtung (42') is derart ausgebildet, dass sie pro Umlauf im Laserresonator (40') eine Phasendifferenz (Δφ) zwischen ca. 30° and ca. 330°, bevorzugt zwich ca. 70° und ca. 290°.
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine Phasenschiebe-Einrichtung (42') zur Stabilisierung radial oder azimutal polarisierter Laserstrahlung innerhalb eines Laserresonators (40'), wobei der Laserresonator (40') eine Polarisator-Einrichtung (42') zur Erzeugung radial oder azimutal polarisierter Laserstrahlung (3a, 3b) umfasst. Die Phasenschiebe-Einrichtung (42') ist derart ausgebildet, dass sie pro Umlauf im Laserresonator (40') eine Phasendifferenz (Δφ) zwischen ca. 30° und ca. 330°, bevorzugt zwischen ca. 70° und ca. 290°, besonders bevorzugt zwischen ca. 160° und ca. 200°, insbesondere von ca. 180° zwischen der radialen und der azimutalen Polarisationsrichtung der Laserstrahlung erzeugt und eine axiale Symmetrie aufweist. Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin einen Laserresonator (40') mit einer solchen Phasenschiebe-Einrichtung (42').

2 citations


DOI
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the Wirkmechanismus des Megaschalls auf den Stofftransport vor allem in LIGA-Mikro-Struktures with hohem Aspektverhaltnis experimentell aufzuklaren.
Abstract: Die Herstellung von hohen Strukturen mit hohem Aspektverhaltnis ist eine aktuelle Aufgabe der LIGA-Technologie. Um die Prozessdauer der nasschemischen Prozessschritte wie Entwicklung und Galvanoformung zu minimieren und die hohe Qualitat der Mikrostrukturen zu gewahrleisten, sollten die Stofftransportbedingungen untersucht und optimiert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, den Wirkmechanismus des Megaschalls auf den Stofftransport vor allem in LIGA-Mikrostrukturen mit hohem Aspektverhaltnis experimentell aufzuklaren. Als Untersuchungsmethode wurde die elektrochemische Grenzstrommethode ausgewahlt. Diese Methode zeichnet sich durch die Moglichkeit einer direkten Messung der Stofftransportrate in situ aus. Fur die praktische Umsetzung dieser Methode unter Megaschallbedingungen wurde eine neue Megaschallzelle konzipiert und aufgebaut. Fur die Untersuchung der Stofftransportprozesse in Mikrostrukturen dienten rotierende zuruckgesetzte Mikrostrukturelektroden (RMEs). In dieser Arbeit wurden erstmals LIGA-Mikrostrukturen in die rotierenden Mikrostrukturelektroden eingesetzt. Fur die Herstellung dieser Arbeitselektroden wurde eine LIGA-basierte Technik ausgearbeitet. Im experimentellen Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die moglichen Einflussparameter wie die Position der Probe im Schallfeld, die elektrische Leistung der Schallquelle und die Geometrie der Mikrostrukturen, variiert und der Grenzstrom als Mas fur die Stofftransportrate aufgenommen. Als Ergebnis der durchgefuhrten Experimente wurden folgende Zusammenhange festgestellt: • Die Positionierung der Probe bezuglich der Schallquelle hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Stofftransportrate. Es besteht eine Korrelation zwischen den raumlichen Schalldruck- und Grenzstromverteilungen. • Die Stofftransportrate hangt von der elektrischen Leistung der Megaschallquelle ab. Die Form dieser Abhangigkeit ist fur die unterschiedlichen Strukturgeometrien unterschiedlich. • Die Beschallung ruft eine lokale Erwarmung innerhalb der Mikrostrukturen hervor. • Der Grad der gesamten Verbesserung des Stofftransportes hangt unter anderem von der Geometrie der Mikrostrukturen und deren Zusammensetzung ab. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Folgenden mit Ergebnissen aus der Literatur verglichen und daraus ein Modell zum Wirkmechanismus des Megaschalls abgeleitet. Die Stofftransportrate bei megaschallunterstutzten Prozessen in Mikrostrukturen wird durch zwei Effekte beeinflusst, durch die lokale Erwarmung und durch die Ausbildung der akustischen Mikrostromungen innerhalb der Strukturen. Der thermische Effekt tragt fur alle Strukturtypen bei, wahrend der Beitrag des hydrodynamischen Effektes stark von der Strukturgeometrie abhangt. Durch den thermischen Effekt ist die Vergroserung der Stofftransportrate um bis zu 30 % moglich. Die Grose dieses Beitrages hangt von der Resisthohe ab. Der hydrodynamische Effekt kann eine Zunahme der Stofftransportrate um ein Mehrfaches hervorrufen.

2 citations


01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the reproducibility of tactile optical metrology at IMT was proven to be less than 0,3 µm over some months using ultra fine probes with less than 25 µm diameter.
Abstract: Reproducibility and precision of LIGA structures has been claimed in many publications, founded mainly on brilliant pictures. Because of the poor accessibility to the sidewalls many publications are based on surface measurements without including information about z depending aspects [1] and focus on reproducibility as measured close to the top. Often this neglects operator’s influence, short time and long time reproducibility, environmental effects on the CMM and others. Tactile optical metrology might help to overcome 2D measurements. Repeatability of tactile optical metrology at IMT was proven to be less than 0,3 µm over some months using ultra fine probes with less than 25 µm diameter. In addition DoE was used to determine the minimum deviation for best possible machine settings. Standard Deviation between 50 and 30 nm was measured. Compared to that, uncertainty remains about 1-2 µm for 3D measurements even with z maximum restricted to 1 mm [2]. Not enough to measure sub-µm product variation that is a typical benefit of LIGA products. Investigations were started at the Research Centre Karlsruhe to find out more about the effects influencing the measurements to explain why repeatability and capability do not match. Interaction between sample and sensor was the main reason. This was simulated and the results were used to reduce the uncertainty of the system. IMT elaborated a new strategy that improves the capability of a coordinate measurement machine CMM with tactile optical sensor for LIGA parts with sub µm variation.

1 citations