The use of conductivity measurements in organic solvents for the characterisation of coordination compounds

With their bright, photostable fluorescence, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) show promise as alternatives to organic dyes for biological labeling. Questions about their potential cytotoxicity, however, remain unanswered. While cytotoxicity of bulk cadmium selenide (CdSe) is well documented, a number of groups have suggested that CdSe QDs are cytocompatible, at least with some immortalized cell lines. Using primary hepatocytes as a liver model, we found that CdSe-core QDs were indeed acutely toxic under certain conditions. Specifically, we found that the cytotoxicity of QDs was modulated by processing parameters during synthesis, exposure to ultraviolet light, and surface coatings. Our data further suggest that cytotoxicity correlates with the liberation of free Cd2+ ions due to deterioration of the CdSe lattice. When appropriately coated, CdSe-core QDs can be rendered nontoxic and used to track cell migration and reorganization in vitro. Our results provide information for design criteria for the use of ...

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Probing the Cytotoxicity Of Semiconductor Quantum Dots.

Nitric oxide (NO.), a potentially toxic molecule, has been implicated in a wide range of biological functions. Details of its biochemistry, however, remain poorly understood. The broader chemistry of nitrogen monoxide (NO) involves a redox array of species with distinctive properties and reactivities: NO+ (nitrosonium), NO., and NO- (nitroxyl anion). The integration of this chemistry with current perspectives of NO biology illuminates many aspects of NO biochemistry, including the enzymatic mechanism of synthesis, the mode of transport and targeting in biological systems, the means by which its toxicity is mitigated, and the function-regulating interaction with target proteins.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/258/5090/1898.full.pdf

Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms

ion. The oxidative addition mechanism was originally proposed22i because of the lack of a strong rate dependence on polar factors and on the acidity of the medium. Later, however, the electrophilic substitution mechanism also was proposed. Recently, the oxidative addition mechanism was confirmed by investigations into the decomposition and protonolysis of alkylplatinum complexes, which are the reverse of alkane activation. There are two routes which operate in the decomposition of the dimethylplatinum(IV) complex Cs2Pt(CH3)2Cl4. The first route leads to chloride-induced reductive elimination and produces methyl chloride and methane. The second route leads to the formation of ethane. There is strong kinetic evidence that the ethane is produced by the decomposition of an ethylhydridoplatinum(IV) complex formed from the initial dimethylplatinum(IV) complex. In D2O-DCl, the ethane which is formed contains several D atoms and has practically the same multiple exchange parameter and distribution as does an ethane which has undergone platinum(II)-catalyzed H-D exchange with D2O. Moreover, ethyl chloride is formed competitively with H-D exchange in the presence of platinum(IV). From the principle of microscopic reversibility it follows that the same ethylhydridoplatinum(IV) complex is the intermediate in the reaction of ethane with platinum(II). Important results were obtained by Labinger and Bercaw62c in the investigation of the protonolysis mechanism of several alkylplatinum(II) complexes at low temperatures. These reactions are important because they could model the microscopic reverse of C-H activation by platinum(II) complexes. Alkylhydridoplatinum(IV) complexes were observed as intermediates in certain cases, such as when the complex (tmeda)Pt(CH2Ph)Cl or (tmeda)PtMe2 (tmeda ) N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine) was treated with HCl in CD2Cl2 or CD3OD, respectively. In some cases H-D exchange took place between the methyl groups on platinum and the, CD3OD prior to methane loss. On the basis of the kinetic results, a common mechanism was proposed to operate in all the reactions: (1) protonation of Pt(II) to generate an alkylhydridoplatinum(IV) intermediate, (2) dissociation of solvent or chloride to generate a cationic, fivecoordinate platinum(IV) species, (3) reductive C-H bond formation, producing a platinum(II) alkane σ-complex, and (4) loss of the alkane either through an associative or dissociative substitution pathway. These results implicate the presence of both alkane σ-complexes and alkylhydridoplatinum(IV) complexes as intermediates in the Pt(II)-induced C-H activation reactions. Thus, the first step in the alkane activation reaction is formation of a σ-complex with the alkane, which then undergoes oxidative addition to produce an alkylhydrido complex. Reversible interconversion of these intermediates, together with reversible deprotonation of the alkylhydridoplatinum(IV) complexes, leads to multiple H-D exchange

Activation of c-h bonds by metal complexes

The chemistry of heterocyclic carbenes has experienced a rapid development over the last years. In addition to the imidazolin-2-ylidenes, a large number of cyclic diaminocarbenes with different ring sizes have been described. Aside from diaminocarbenes, P-heterocyclic carbenes, and derivatives with only one, or even no heteroatom within the carbene ring are known. New methods for the synthesis of complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands such as the oxidative addition or the metal atom template controlled cyclization of β-functionalized isocyanides have been developed recently. This review summarizes the new developments regarding the synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbenes and their metal complexes.

Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry

Principles of structure, bonding, and reactivity for metal nitrosyl complexes

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(00)80488-2.pdf

Molecular basis of sulfite oxidase deficiency from the structure of sulfite oxidase.

Synthetic Analogues and Reaction Systems Relevant to the Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxotransferases

Sulfite oxidizing enzymes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on the bioinorganic chemistry of pterin-containing molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. The chapter focuses on the current results and the interplay of model and enzyme chemistry. Attention is directed to sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase, the archetypal examples of molybdenum enzymes, containing, respectively, dioxo-Mo(VI) and oxo-thio-Mo(VI) oxidized centers. Biochemical and model studies of molybdopterin, Mo-co, and related species are described in this chapter. A brief survey on the physical and spectroscopic techniques employed in the study of the enzymes is presented and their impact on the current understanding of the coordination about the molybdenum atom in sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase is discussed. Structural and spectroscopic models are also presented in the chapter. The chapter also explains the xanthine oxidase cycle and facets of intramolecular electron transfer in molybdenum enzymes. The pterin-containing tungsten enzymes and the evolving model chemistry are discussed. Current descriptions of the coordination environment of the molybdenum centers of the enzymes rest primarily upon the comparisons of the spectra of the enzymes with the spectra of well-characterized molybdenum complexes. The unexpected discovery that several hyperthermophilic organisms possess pterin-containing tungsten enzymes promises to stimulate the development of oxo-thio-tungsten chemistry.

John H. Enemark

Papers

Principles of structure, bonding, and reactivity for metal nitrosyl complexes

Molecular basis of sulfite oxidase deficiency from the structure of sulfite oxidase.

Synthetic Analogues and Reaction Systems Relevant to the Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxotransferases

Sulfite oxidizing enzymes

Bioinorganic chemistry of pterin-containing molybdenum and tungsten enzymes