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Using Multivariate Statistics

The R package mice imputes incomplete multivariate data by chained equations. The software mice 1.0 appeared in the year 2000 as an S-PLUS library, and in 2001 as an R package. mice 1.0 introduced predictor selection, passive imputation and automatic pooling. This article documents mice, which extends the functionality of mice 1.0 in several ways. In mice, the analysis of imputed data is made completely general, whereas the range of models under which pooling works is substantially extended. mice adds new functionality for imputing multilevel data, automatic predictor selection, data handling, post-processing imputed values, specialized pooling routines, model selection tools, and diagnostic graphs. Imputation of categorical data is improved in order to bypass problems caused by perfect prediction. Special attention is paid to transformations, sum scores, indices and interactions using passive imputation, and to the proper setup of the predictor matrix. mice can be downloaded from the Comprehensive R Archive Network. This article provides a hands-on, stepwise approach to solve applied incomplete data problems.

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mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R

According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys

Statistical Analysis with Missing Data

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of the Dutch version of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), an instrument for measuring functional status (capability and performance in self-care, mobility and social function) of young children using parent interviews.Design: Inter-interviewer reliability was studied after scoring audiotaped interviews by a second researcher. For test–retest reliability the same parent was interviewed twice within three weeks; in inter-respondent reliability both parents of a child were interviewed independently within a few days. On item level, percentage identical scores were computed, and on scale level intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cronbach's alphas were calculated.Subjects: Parents of 63 nondisabled and 53 disabled (various diagnosis) children aged between 7 and 88 months were interviewed.Results: On scale level, all ICCs were above 0.90 and Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for the self-care domain, 0.74 for the mobility domain and 0.87 for the so...

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Reliability of the Dutch Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/21088/hox(2000)_socialnetworksofvisuallyimpairedandblindadolescents.pdf?sequence=1

Social networks of visually impaired and blind adolescents. Structure and effect on well-being

This paper describes ways to maximise the efficiency of randomised response designs. When randomised response designs become more efficient their value as a tool to study sensitive topics will increase. An overview of the literature shows that when sensitive or incriminating topics are studied, the overall results of randomised response studies are more valid than the results of direct question designs. This positive effect is small, however, and randomised response designs are known to be less efficient than direct question designs, making it necessary to recruit larger samples. In this paper the efficiency of six randomised response methods (Warner’s design, both forms of the unrelated question technique, the forced response technique, Moors’s design and Mangat’s improved model) will be compared relative to direct question designs. Using the right design parameters we can make randomised response studies up to twice as efficient. The forced response method and a special form of the unrelated question design are the most efficient designs until now.

/pdf/how-to-improve-the-efficiency-of-randomised-response-designs-3h5clr1ayj.pdf

How to Improve the Efficiency of Randomised Response Designs

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder in which the interactions of genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences play a causal role. Despite the compelling evidence for a strong heritability, the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying autism remain unclear. High phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity confounds the identification of susceptibility genes. The lack of robust indicators to tackle this complexity in autism has led researchers to seek for novel diagnostic tools to create homogenous subgroups. Several studies have indicated that patients with autism have higher rates of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and that MPAs may serve as a diagnostic tool; however, the results have been inconsistent. Using the cumulative data from seven studies on MPAs in autism, this meta-analysis seeks to examine whether the aggregate data provide evidence of a large mean effect size and statistical significance for MPAs in autism. It covers the studies using multiple research methods till June 2007. The current results from seven studies suggested a significant association of MPAs in autism with a robust pooled effect size (d=0.84), and thereby provide the strongest evidence to date about the close association between MPAs and autism. Our results emphasize the importance of MPAs in the identification of heterogeneity in autism and suggest that the success of future autism genetics research will be exploited by the use of MPAs. Implications for the design of future studies on MPAs in autism are discussed and suggestions for further investigation of these important markers are proposed. Clarifying this relation might improve understanding of risk factors and molecular mechanisms in autism.

Minor physical anomalies in autism: a meta-analysis

In face-to-face surveys interviewers play a crucial role in making contact with and gaining cooperation from sample units. While some analyses investigate the influence of interviewers on nonresponse, they are typically restricted to single-country studies. However, interviewer training, contacting and cooperation strategies as well as survey climates may differ across countries. Combining call-record data from the European Social Survey (ESS) with data from a detailed interviewer questionnaire on attitudes and doorstep behavior we find systematic country differences in nonresponse processes, which can in part be explained by differences in interviewer characteristics, such as contacting strategies and avowed doorstep behavior.

Joop J. Hox

Papers

Reliability of the Dutch Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)

Social networks of visually impaired and blind adolescents. Structure and effect on well-being

How to Improve the Efficiency of Randomised Response Designs

Minor physical anomalies in autism: a meta-analysis

Interviewer effects on nonresponse in the European social survey