Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery

Intermolecular And Surface Forces

Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review

Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performance of lithium-ion cells at cold temperatures. Furthermore, insights gained from previous experimental and modeling investigations are elucidated. These include the need for more accurate heat generation measurements, improved modeling of the heat generation rate, and clarity in the relative magnitudes of the various thermal effects observed at high charge and discharge rates seen in electric vehicle applications. From an analysis of the literature, the requirements for lithium-ion thermal management systems for optimal performance in these applications are suggested, and it is clear that no existing thermal management strategy or technology meets all these requirements.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.3515880/pdf

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries

Power and thermal characterization of a lithium-ion battery pack for hybrid-electric vehicles

Control oriented 1D electrochemical model of lithium ion battery

Solid-state diffusion limitations on pulse operation of a lithium ion cell for hybrid electric vehicles

High-power lithium ion batteries are often rated with multiple current and voltage limits depending on the duration of the pulse event. These variable control limits, however, are difficult to realize in practice. In this paper, a linear Kalman filter based on a reduced order electrochemical model is designed to estimate internal battery potentials, concentration gradients, and state-of-charge (SOC) from external current and voltage measurements. A reference current governor predicts the operating margin with respect to electrode side reactions and surface depletion/saturation conditions responsible for damage and sudden loss of power. The estimates are compared with results from an experimentally validated, 1-D, nonlinear finite volume model of a 6 Ah hybrid electric vehicle battery. The linear filter provides, to within ~ 2%, performance in the 30%-70% SOC range except in the case of severe current pulses that draw electrode surface concentrations to near saturation and depletion, although the estimates recover as concentration gradients relax. With 4 to 7 states, the filter has low-order comparable to empirical equivalent circuit models commonly employed and described in the literature. Accurate estimation of the battery's internal electrochemical state enables an expanded range of pulse operation.

Model-Based Electrochemical Estimation and Constraint Management for Pulse Operation of Lithium Ion Batteries

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.3597614/pdf

Kandler Smith

Papers

Power and thermal characterization of a lithium-ion battery pack for hybrid-electric vehicles

Control oriented 1D electrochemical model of lithium ion battery

Solid-state diffusion limitations on pulse operation of a lithium ion cell for hybrid electric vehicles

Model-Based Electrochemical Estimation and Constraint Management for Pulse Operation of Lithium Ion Batteries

Multi-Domain Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries Encompassing Multi-Physics in Varied Length Scales