THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

MUCKE aims to mine a large volume of images, to structure them conceptually and to use this conceptual structuring in order to improve large-scale image retrieval. The last decade witnessed important progress concerning low-level image representations. However, there are a number problems which need to be solved in order to unleash the full potential of image mining in applications. The central problem with low-level representations is the mismatch between them and the human interpretation of image content. This problem can be instantiated, for instance, by the incapability of existing descriptors to capture spatial relationships between the concepts represented or by their incapability to convey an explanation of why two images are similar in a content-based image retrieval framework. We start by assessing existing local descriptors for image classification and by proposing to use co-occurrence matrices to better capture spatial relationships in images. The main focus in MUCKE is on cleaning large scale Web image corpora and on proposing image representations which are closer to the human interpretation of images. Consequently, we introduce methods which tackle these two problems and compare results to state of the art methods. Note: some aspects of this deliverable are withheld at this time as they are pending review. Please contact the authors for a preview.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/4524/12820/00592460.pdf

Image Processing

Advances in wireless technologies, low-power electronics, the internet of things, and in the domain of connected health are driving innovations in wearable medical devices at a tremendous pace. Wearable sensor systems composed of flexible and stretchable materials have the potential to better interface to the human skin, whereas silicon-based electronics are extremely efficient in sensor data processing and transmission. Therefore, flexible and stretchable sensors combined with low-power silicon-based electronics are a viable and efficient approach for medical monitoring. Flexible medical devices designed for monitoring human vital signs, such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, pulse oxygenation, and blood glucose have applications in both fitness monitoring and medical diagnostics. As a review of the latest development in flexible and wearable human vitals sensors, the essential components required for vitals sensors are outlined and discussed here, including the reported sensor systems, sensing mechanisms, sensor fabrication, power, and data processing requirements.

Monitoring of Vital Signs with Flexible and Wearable Medical Devices

The phase-shifting mask consists of a normal transmission mask that has been coated with a transparent layer patterned to ensure that the optical phases of nearest apertures are opposite. Destructive interference between waves from adjacent apertures cancels some diffraction effects and increases the spatial resolution with which such patterns can be projected. A simple theory predicts a near doubling of resolution for illumination with partial incoherence σ < 0.3, and substantial improvements in resolution for σ < 0.7. Initial results obtained with a phase-shifting mask patterned with typical device structures by electron-beam lithography and exposed using a Mann 4800 10× tool reveals a 40-percent increase in usuable resolution with some structures printed at a resolution of 1000 lines/mm. Phase-shifting mask structures can be used to facilitate proximity printing with larger gaps between mask and wafer. Theory indicates that the increase in resolution is accompanied by a minimal decrease in depth of focus. Thus the phase-shifting mask may be the most desirable device for enhancing optical lithography resolution in the VLSI/VHSIC era.

Improving resolution in photolithography with a phase-shifting mask

Feedback systems: Input-output properties

Roll-to-roll (R2R) coating technologies, with their advantages in terms of high throughput and environmental friendliness, are expected to be used at various industrial sites. Thin-film and thick-film forming can be conducted by various techniques that can be installed with R2R systems including dip coating, knife-over-edge coating, slot-die coating, direct- and micro-gravure coating, and spray coating. In this review, coating techniques are introduced from the perspective of process optimization along with examples of applications. Moreover, R2R web handling is also covered for its relationship with the coating process. Process conditions are obtained by presenting the mathematical modeling of each process and a real coating window is presented with surveyed data. Applications of coating technologies focus on printed electronic devices because of their ability to use soluble materials. State-of-art R2R vacuum coating and lab-scale coating without R2R are not discussed in this review. This summary of R2R coating techniques and applications aims to give guidelines for operation and long-term prospects for advanced coating manufacturing.

Roll-to-Roll Coating Technology and Its Applications: A Review

R2R gravure and inkjet printed RF resonant tag

Roll-to-roll (R2R) continuous printing is an attractive technology for mass-producing flexible printed electronics. Many studies have been conducted in this field. The application of the R2R printing process, however, requires information pertaining to system parameters such as substrate flexibility, ink formulation, and printing method as well as the curing method for conductive ink. We show that the quality of a printed pattern (thickness and surface roughness) could be affected by tension variation of the flexible bare substrate in spite of the optimal settings of the ink, substrate, and printing method. In addition, an ink-transfer mechanism for the R2R printed electronics is analyzed to reveal the relationships between the dynamic surface roughness and tension of a moving web. Since the dynamics of the physical problem are complex, simple meta models using a design of experiment are developed. The experimental results are found to be in agreement with the meta models. It is found that the two important factors for achieving the desired thickness and surface roughness of the R2R printed patterns are optimal tension and control accuracy of the operating tension.

A Novel Method to Guarantee the Specified Thickness and Surface Roughness of the Roll-to-Roll Printed Patterns Using the Tension of a Moving Substrate

A novel cross directional register modeling and feedforward control in multi-layer roll-to-roll printing

One of the challenges in printed electronics is the capacity to print a high resolution electrode. However, it is difficult to gain control over fidelity of microscale line-width of printed patterns especially in roll-to-roll (R2R) gravure printing process. Here, we report a simple solution based on the wettability of ink on the substrate to prevent a widening effect of printed patterns thereby enhancing the precision. The widening effect was found to be affected by intrinsic (ink wetting behavior, cell geometry) and extrinsic (nip pressure, printing speed) conditions. Analysis was conducted to figure out an effect of surface tension of ink and surface energy of substrate on the printed pattern width via contact angle (θIS). For a given cell volume, the width of printed patterns decreased with increasing contact angle. The experimental method was used to determine the optimal extrinsic condition and unstable region border. Finally, we identified three ink setting regions of widening (θIS ≤ ), un-widening (<θIS <) and unstable region (θIS ≥ ). The experimental data showed a good agreement with expected results based on the established analytical approach. This result could be used as an important practical guideline to be applied in R2R gravure printing process with high resolution.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/23/9/095010/pdf

Kee-Hyun Shin

Papers

Roll-to-Roll Coating Technology and Its Applications: A Review

R2R gravure and inkjet printed RF resonant tag

A Novel Method to Guarantee the Specified Thickness and Surface Roughness of the Roll-to-Roll Printed Patterns Using the Tension of a Moving Substrate

A novel cross directional register modeling and feedforward control in multi-layer roll-to-roll printing

An approach for controlling printed line-width in high resolution roll-to-roll gravure printing