There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The process for drug discovery and development is challenging, time consuming and expensive. Computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) tools can act as a virtual shortcut, assisting in the expedition of this long process and potentially reducing the cost of research and development. Today CADD has become an effective and indispensable tool in therapeutic development. The human genome project has made available a substantial amount of sequence data that can be used in various drug discovery projects. Additionally, increasing knowledge of biological structures, as well as increasing computer power have made it possible to use computational methods effectively in various phases of the drug discovery and development pipeline. The importance of in silico tools is greater than ever before and has advanced pharmaceutical research. Here we present an overview of computational methods used in different facets of drug discovery and highlight some of the recent successes. In this review, both structure-based and ligand-based drug discovery methods are discussed. Advances in virtual high-throughput screening, protein structure prediction methods, protein-ligand docking, pharmacophore modeling and QSAR techniques are reviewed.

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/pdf/1860-5397-12-267.pdf

Computational methods in drug discovery.

Highly flexible and ultra-thin Ni-plated carbon-fabric/polycarbonate film for enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding

This paper deals with new definitions of shielding effectiveness, in particular for high-frequency and transient electromagnetic fields. They are practicable and supposed to better characterize the shielding ability than the commonly used definitions. From the ratio of the time-averaged input power of the unshielded load to that one of the shielded load, in the limiting case of a vanishing load the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is derived. This is a simple combination of the commonly used and easily measurable electric and magnetic shielding effectiveness. A similar procedure is then employed for the transient case, where in the limiting case of a vanishing load the ratio of the absorbed energies turn into the transient shielding effectiveness. Numerical results are shown for closed as well as for nonclosed cylindrical shields.

On the shielding effectiveness of enclosures

Recent progress in morphological engineering of carbon materials for electromagnetic interference shielding

This paper describes the rationale behind a new proposed measurement of the screening effect of an equipment enclosure that takes into account the contents of the enclosure. The method uses a set of representative contents for enclosures. The representative contents are equipped with surface field probes to measure the power entering the contents. The ratio of this power to the incident power density is used to derive a quantity with the dimensions of area, termed here the shielding aperture. The measurement technique is described and examples of measurements are given along with computed comparisons with the conventional shielding effectiveness of the enclosures used.

/pdf/a-proposed-new-definition-and-measurement-of-the-shielding-3syfndj5qc.pdf

A proposed new definition and measurement of the shielding effect of equipment enclosures

A method is presented for the measurement of shielding effectiveness of planar materials with nonconducting surfaces such as carbon fiber composites. The method overcomes edge termination problems with such materials by absorbing edge-diffracted energy. A dynamic range of up to 100 dB has been demonstrated over a frequency range of 1-8.5 GHz, depending on the size of the sample under test. Comparison with ASTM D4935 and nested reverberation measurements of shielding effectiveness shows good agreement.

/pdf/a-method-for-the-measurement-of-shielding-effectiveness-of-2xoroa71d4.pdf

A Method for the Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Planar Samples Requiring No Sample Edge Preparation or Contact

This paper describes a cost-efficient Intentional EMI Detection system and gives a brief overview of the identification and location system being developed as part of the STRUCTURES project.

/pdf/a-cost-efficient-system-for-detecting-an-intentional-1siptelfn6.pdf

A Cost-Efficient System for Detecting an Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) attack

This paper describes the design and performance of a wide-band hybrid antenna suitable for use in reverberation chambers. The antenna is characterised over the frequency range 100 MHz to 25 GHz showing that it performs well above 200 MHz although its ultimate highest operating frequency has not been established.

/pdf/a-wide-band-hybrid-antenna-for-use-in-reverberation-chambers-h34mhae0zn.pdf

A wide-band hybrid antenna for use in reverberation chambers

The electromagnetic field measured in a screened room is dependent on the size and geometry of the room, the type of source (electric or magnetic dipole) and the dipole moment. In this paper, computer models based on TEM wave propagation within a screened room are used to describe the fields measured from a source inside the room. The models are used to predict the results of changes in the test set-up which enable qualitative measurements of the dipole type and moment to be undertaken.

L. Dawson

Papers

A proposed new definition and measurement of the shielding effect of equipment enclosures

A Method for the Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Planar Samples Requiring No Sample Edge Preparation or Contact

A Cost-Efficient System for Detecting an Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) attack

A wide-band hybrid antenna for use in reverberation chambers

New screened room techniques for the measurement of RFI