EIGHT members of the Yale Institute of Human Relations have co-operated to produce this book The result is not a mere juxtaposition of uncoordinated viewpoints but a unity of aim and consistency in presentation which make the multiple authorship almost undetectable Whatever judgment one may make about the value of the hypothesis elaborated in the book, there can be little doubt that the intimate collaboration of a team of specialists, each with a distinctive training, is a profitable way of examining a problem which has no clear-cut frontiers and which does not fall neatly into one of the conventional compartments of social study Frustration and Aggression By John Dollard Neal E Miller Leonard W Doob O H Mowrer Robert R Sears, in collaboration with Clellan S Ford, Carl Iver Hovland and Richard T Sollenberger (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction) Pp ix + 150 (London: Kegan Paul and Co, Ltd, 1944) 10s 6d net

Frustration and Aggression

I am a researcher and graduate student of American Indian descent (Stockbridge-Munsee/Mohican). I have always been very aware of the absence of other American Indian students in postsecondary education programs; have noticed the shortage of American Indians employed as educators, professors, or administrators; and am acutely aware of the number of American Indian populations excluded from qualitative or quantitative data sets as part of mainstream research agendas that are published on the state or national level. This is the beginning of my dissertation research journey, and the data that I have studied thus far demonstrates a ten-year failure of the traditional, Western, and public educational system in Wisconsin to nurture, graduate, and utilize Native Americans from birth through adulthood. This historical failure in the Wisconsin educational systems and organizations has left the First Children and the First People of this country far behind as compared to their other minority and white counterparts (Bowman ). The extent of how far and why they are behind is what I am determined to discover. Anecdotally speaking, I knew in my heart that the few Indians who did survive school accomplished this despite many barriers or whatever politically correct legislation was the popular rhetoric at the time. But in my head I needed to ascertain, scientifically document, and understand the factors that were responsible for this shameful record regarding the education of Native American students and their underrepresentation as professionals within the educational community. In a time of attempts to abolish affirmative action and hearing the promises of leaving no children behind, I have diligently tried to set aside time to conduct research Cultural Differences of Teaching and Learning

Cultural differences in teaching and learning

Effective teaching may involve scientific understanding of learning processes, but the creation of engaging and rich learning experiences is more art than science. This presentation focuses on some key aspects of the art of teaching today's students, including specific techniques for tapping into student passions, empowering students to stay focused and balanced, shifting from lecture-intensive to learning-focused class sessions, and using new technologies to connect student learning to course content and life goals. Participants will explore course contracts and strategies for redesigning activities in support of a learning objective and share strategies for artfully managing student learning.

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The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching

Since the concept of retirement is prominent in both popular thinking and academic studies it would be helpful if the notion were analytically sound, could be measured with precision, and would make possible comparisons of patterns of retirement over time and among different populations. This paper reviews and assesses the many concepts and measures that have been proposed, summarizing them in groupings that reflect non-participation or reduced participation in the labour force, receipt of pension income, end-of-career employment, selfassessed retirement, or combinations of those characteristics. It concludes that there is no agreed measure and that no one measure dominates. Instead, new measures continue to be proposed to take account of additional refinements as new data sets become available, thereby further restricting possible comparisons. The confusing array of definitions reflects the practical problem that underlies the concept of retirement: it is an essentially negative notion, a notion of what people are not doing – namely, that they are not working. A more positive approach would be to focus instead on what people are doing, including especially their involvement in non-market activities that are socially productive, even if those activities do not contribute to national income as conventionally measured.

What is Retirement? A Review and Assessment of Alternative Concepts and Measures

This theoretical essay purports to explore the conceptual significance of amae for Japanese communication research. The essay first reconsiders the interrelationship of amae with the enryo-sasshi interaction style by reviewing the pertinent literature within and outside the discipline of communication. Second, the essay reconceptualizes amae as two types of human communication needs (i.e., message-expanding and message-accepting needs) that both encourage and discourage the enryo-sasshi interaction style. Based on this reconceptualization of amae, the essay finally proposes the new concept of meta-sasshi (viz., sasshi on the amae level or amae reading) and presents a systematic model of Japanese amae-based communication.

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Japanese Enryo-Sasshi communication and the psychology of Amae : reconsideration and reconceptualization

Brazilian Cultural Patterns and Intercultural Training

Affect is involved in many psychological phenomena, but a descriptive structure, long sought, has been elusive. Valence and arousal are fundamental, and a key question-the focus of the present study-is the relationship between them. Valence is sometimes thought to be independent of arousal, but, in some studies (representing too few societies in the world) arousal was found to vary with valence. One common finding is that arousal is lowest at neutral valence and increases with both positive and negative valence: a symmetric V-shaped relationship. In the study reported here of self-reported affect during a remembered moment (N = 8,590), we tested the valence-arousal relationship in 33 societies with 25 different languages. The two most common hypotheses in the literature-independence and a symmetric V-shaped relationship-were not supported. With data of all samples pooled, arousal increased with positive but not negative valence. Valence accounted for between 5% (Finland) and 43% (China Beijing) of the variance in arousal. Although there is evidence for a structural relationship between the two, there is also a large amount of variability in this relation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

On the relationship between valence and arousal in samples across the globe.

Cultural sensitivity in societal development has been advocated for since at least the 1960s but has remained understudied. Our goal is to address this gap and to investigate folk theories of societal development. We aimed to identify both universal and culturally specific lay beliefs about what constitutes good societal development. We collected data from 2,684 participants from Japan, Hong Kong (China), Poland, Turkey, Brazil, France, Nigeria, the USA, and Canada. We measured preferences for 28 development aims. We used multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons to identify universal and country-specific preferences. Our results demonstrate that what people understand as modernization is fairly universal across countries, but specific pathways of development and preferences towards these pathways tend to vary between countries. We distinguished three facets of modernization—foundational aims (e.g., trust, economic development), welfare aims (e.g., poverty eradication, education), and inclusive aims (e.g., openness, gender equality)—and incorporated them into a folk meta-theory of modernization. In all nine countries, the three facets of modernization were preferred more than conventional aims (e.g., military, demographic growth). We propose a method of implementing our findings into a culturally sensitive modernization index. 

Preference for modernization is universal, but expected modernization trajectories are culturally diversified: A
 nine‐country
 study of folk theories of societal development

The aim of this study was to investigate the meanings attributed to retirement by active workers. For this purpose, the Retirement Meaning Scale was constructed and administered to 275 active workers (53.5% women) aged 22 to 67 years. The results reveal an ambiguous meaning attribution to the phenomenon: on one hand, there is a positive idea of freedom; on the other hand, the workers report experiences of anguish and insecurity related to retirement. Among the variables investigated, the proximity to retirement was especially relevant to the perception of the phenomenon, which influenced three of the four factors identified. This study has implications for policies and programs that aim to promote healthy experiences in retirement.

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Laura Novaes Andrade

Papers

Brazilian Cultural Patterns and Intercultural Training

On the relationship between valence and arousal in samples across the globe.

Preference for modernization is universal, but expected modernization trajectories are culturally diversified: A nine‐country study of folk theories of societal development

Retirement and Meaning Attribution: A study with Active Workers in Brazil