Showing papers in "Chemical Engineering & Technology in 2019"
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TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the recent developments and applications of ionic liquid membranes (ILMs) for gas separation is given in this article, where three general classifications of ILMs, such as supported ILMs (SILMs), ILSMs, and ILSPMs, along with their applications, for the separation of various mixed gases systems are discussed in detail.
Abstract: Flue gas emissions and the harmful effects of these gases urge to separate and capture these unwanted gases. Ionic liquids due to negligible vapor pressure, thermal stability, and wide electrochemical stability have expanded its application in gas separations. A comprehensive overview of the recent developments and applications of ionic liquid membranes (ILMs) for gas separation is given. The three general classifications of ILMs, such as supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), ionic liquid polymeric membranes (ILPMs), and ionic liquid mixed-matrix membranes (ILMMMs) along with their applications, for the separation of various mixed gases systems is discussed in detail. Furthermore, issues, challenges, computational study, and future perspectives for ILMs are also considered. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
34 citations
TL;DR: In combustors, high-pressure fuel injector nozzles are employed for liquid atomization and spray generation as mentioned in this paper, and the internal flow within nozzle, especially cavitation, plays an important role in promoting the breakup of liquid jets.
Abstract: In combustors, high-pressure fuel injector nozzles are employed for liquid atomization and spray generation. The internal flow within nozzles, especially cavitation, plays an important role in promoting the breakup of liquid jets. The formation mechanism and evolvement of cavitation are reviewed and described. Different cavitation regimes were characterized experimentally and the positive effect of cavitation on liquid atomization was confirmed. Different empirical formulas correlating the discharge coefficient with fluid-dynamical parameters are summarized. The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of two popular computational models for flow modeling, i.e., the interface tracking model and the homogeneous equilibrium model, are reviewed. The effects of cavitation on the generated spray are discussed.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is used to convert synthesis gas into hydrocarbons of different chain lengths, and a microstructured packed-bed reactor is tested towards its versatility for biomass-based syngas with a high inert gas dilution.
Abstract: Current projects focusing on the energy transition in traffic will rely on a highlevel technology mix for their commissioning. One of those technologies is the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) that converts synthesis gas into hydrocarbons of different chain lengths. A microstructured packed-bed reactor for low-temperature FTS is tested towards its versatility for biomass-based syngas with a high inert gas dilution. Investigations include overall productivity, conversion, and product selectivity. A 60-times larger pilot-scale reactor is further tested. Evaporation cooling is introduced which allows to increase the available energy extraction from the system. From that scale on, an autothermal operation at elevated conversion levels is applicable.
TL;DR: In this paper, 2M HCl was used to prepare low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) and FTIR spectroscopy was performed to determine the molecular weight and degree of deacetylation.
Abstract: The natural polymer chitosan is widely used for medical and drug delivery applications. Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) has superior properties compared to high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC), which open new applications of LMWC, especially in the cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries. LMWC is often produced from HMWC by acid, enzymatic, or oxidative hydrolysis. Industrially, hydrolysis with dilute HCl is preferred, since it is simple, practical, and gives a high yield. In this study 2M HCl was used to prepare LMWC. A high average depolymerization yield of 87% was obtained. The LMWCs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, and the molecular weight and degree of deacetylation were determined. The prepared LMWCs are fully deacetylated, and their production by this method is reproducible.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of agricultural residues (AR) and agrofood waste (AFW) as potential feedstocks for the production of second-generation ethanol and butanol is reviewed.
Abstract: The use of agricultural residues (AR) and agro-food waste (AFW) as potential feedstocks for the production of second-generation ethanol and butanol is reviewed. The maximum biofuel production rate from AR and AFW was estimated on the basis of the feedstock availability rate, the average composition, and the biofuel yields reported in the literature. According to the estimations, the contribution of ethanol and butanol to current European biofuel accounts could be 32 and 23 % if traditional pretreatments are applied, and 40 and 19 % if they are produced by innovative pretreatments, respectively. Finally, the analysis was applied to a local scenario (Campania, Italy), with a view to potential decentralized exploitation of AR and AFW.