Tea, one of the world’s most important beverage crops, provides numerous secondary metabolites that account for its rich taste and health benefits. Here we present a high-quality sequence of the genome of tea, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS), using both Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies. At least 64% of the 3.1-Gb genome assembly consists of repetitive sequences, and the rest yields 33,932 high-confidence predictions of encoded proteins. Divergence between two major lineages, CSS and Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA), is calculated to ∼0.38 to 1.54 million years ago (Mya). Analysis of genic collinearity reveals that the tea genome is the product of two rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) that occurred ∼30 to 40 and ∼90 to 100 Mya. We provide evidence that these WGD events, and subsequent paralogous duplications, had major impacts on the copy numbers of secondary metabolite genes, particularly genes critical to producing three key quality compounds: catechins, theanine, and caffeine. Analyses of transcriptome and phytochemistry data show that amplification and transcriptional divergence of genes encoding a large acyltransferase family and leucoanthocyanidin reductases are associated with the characteristic young leaf accumulation of monomeric galloylated catechins in tea, while functional divergence of a single member of the glutamine synthetase gene family yielded theanine synthetase. This genome sequence will facilitate understanding of tea genome evolution and tea metabolite pathways, and will promote germplasm utilization for breeding improved tea varieties.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/E4151.full.pdf

Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality.

The sharp increase of plant genome and transcriptome data provide valuable resources to investigate evolutionary consequences of gene duplication in a range of taxa, and unravel common principles underlying duplicate gene retention. We survey 141 sequenced plant genomes to elucidate consequences of gene and genome duplication, processes central to the evolution of biodiversity. We develop a pipeline named DupGen_finder to identify different modes of gene duplication in plants. Genes derived from whole-genome, tandem, proximal, transposed, or dispersed duplication differ in abundance, selection pressure, expression divergence, and gene conversion rate among genomes. The number of WGD-derived duplicate genes decreases exponentially with increasing age of duplication events—transposed duplication- and dispersed duplication-derived genes declined in parallel. In contrast, the frequency of tandem and proximal duplications showed no significant decrease over time, providing a continuous supply of variants available for adaptation to continuously changing environments. Moreover, tandem and proximal duplicates experienced stronger selective pressure than genes formed by other modes and evolved toward biased functional roles involved in plant self-defense. The rate of gene conversion among WGD-derived gene pairs declined over time, peaking shortly after polyploidization. To provide a platform for accessing duplicated gene pairs in different plants, we constructed the Plant Duplicate Gene Database. We identify a comprehensive landscape of different modes of gene duplication across the plant kingdom by comparing 141 genomes, which provides a solid foundation for further investigation of the dynamic evolution of duplicate genes.

/pdf/gene-duplication-and-evolution-in-recurring-polyploidization-1tk6fsc37e.pdf

Gene duplication and evolution in recurring polyploidization-diploidization cycles in plants.

The Tea Tree Genome Provides Insights into Tea Flavor and Independent Evolution of Caffeine Biosynthesis

PLAZA (https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/plaza) is a plant-oriented online resource for comparative, evolutionary and functional genomics. The PLAZA platform consists of multiple independent instances focusing on different plant clades, while also providing access to a consistent set of reference species. Each PLAZA instance contains structural and functional gene annotations, gene family data and phylogenetic trees and detailed gene colinearity information. A user-friendly web interface makes the necessary tools and visualizations accessible, specific for each data type. Here we present PLAZA 4.0, the latest iteration of the PLAZA framework. This version consists of two new instances (Dicots 4.0 and Monocots 4.0) providing a large increase in newly available species, and offers access to updated and newly implemented tools and visualizations, helping users with the ever-increasing demands for complex and in-depth analyzes. The total number of species across both instances nearly doubles from 37 species in PLAZA 3.0 to 71 species in PLAZA 4.0, with a much broader coverage of crop species (e.g. wheat, palm oil) and species of evolutionary interest (e.g. spruce, Marchantia). The new PLAZA instances can also be accessed by a programming interface through a RESTful web service, thus allowing bioinformaticians to optimally leverage the power of the PLAZA platform.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8558157/file/8558161.pdf

PLAZA 4.0 : an integrative resource for functional, evolutionary and comparative plant genomics

We report a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly and analysis of the carrot (Daucus carota) genome, the first sequenced genome to include a comparative evolutionary analysis among members of the euasterid II clade. We characterized two new polyploidization events, both occurring after the divergence of carrot from members of the Asterales order, clarifying the evolutionary scenario before and after radiation of the two main asterid clades. Large- and small-scale lineage-specific duplications have contributed to the expansion of gene families, including those with roles in flowering time, defense response, flavor, and pigment accumulation. We identified a candidate gene, DCAR_032551, that conditions carotenoid accumulation (Y) in carrot taproot and is coexpressed with several isoprenoid biosynthetic genes. The primary mechanism regulating carotenoid accumulation in carrot taproot is not at the biosynthetic level. We hypothesize that DCAR_032551 regulates upstream photosystem development and functional processes, including photomorphogenesis and root de-etiolation.

/pdf/a-high-quality-carrot-genome-assembly-provides-new-insights-f5taci1g6n.pdf

A high-quality carrot genome assembly provides new insights into carotenoid accumulation and asterid genome evolution

The kiwifruit is an economically and nutritionally important fruit crop with high vitamin C content. Here, the authors report the draft genome sequence of a heterozygous kiwifruit and through comparative genomic analysis provide valuable insight into kiwifruit evolution.

/pdf/draft-genome-of-the-kiwifruit-actinidia-chinensis-2p7d37i797.pdf

Draft genome of the kiwifruit Actinidia chinensis

The kiwifruit bacterial canker has been recognized as the main kiwifruit pathogen in Sichuan and acquired strong resistance to chemicals during its long evolution under chemical evolutionary pressure. Base on biochemical testing, pathogenic testing and phylogenetic analyses, the results shown that Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is the causal agents of the “Hongyang” kiwifruit bacterial canker disease. Besides this bacterial pathogen, 14 endophytic fungi of kiwifruit leaves were also isolated and identified, including Penicillium sp. Colletotrichum sp. Phomopsis sp. Alternaria sp. and Nigrospora sp. 8 endophytic fungi were obtained from branches, such as Alternaria sp. Nigrospora sp. Phomopsis sp.and Sordaria sp. and one of the endophytic fungi Nigrospora sp. (No.J2) from branch showed good antagonistic activities to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in vitro with the inhibition zone of 14 mm, therefore it has the potential of being used as a biological control agent against kiwifruit bacterial canker.

/pdf/isolation-and-identification-of-the-causal-pathogens-for-3pothme5c4.pdf

Isolation and Identification of the Causal Pathogens for Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker and the Isolation of the Antagonistic Endophytic Fungi From Kiwifruit in Sichuan, China

Liangqiang Zhou

Papers

Draft genome of the kiwifruit Actinidia chinensis

Isolation and Identification of the Causal Pathogens for Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker and the Isolation of the Antagonistic Endophytic Fungi From Kiwifruit in Sichuan, China