The emerging software defined networking (SDN) paradigm separates the data plane from the control plane and centralizes network control in an SDN controller. Applications interact with controllers to implement network services, such as network transport with quality of service. SDN facilitates the virtualization of network functions so that multiple virtual networks can operate over a given installed physical network infrastructure. Due to the specific characteristics of optical (photonic) communication components and the high optical transmission capacities, SDN-based optical networking poses particular challenges, but holds also great potential. In this article, we comprehensively survey studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks; in brief, we survey the area of software defined optical networks (SDONs). We mainly organize the SDON studies into studies focused on the infrastructure layer, the control layer, and the application layer. Moreover, we cover SDON studies focused on network virtualization, as well as SDON studies focused on the orchestration of multilayer and multidomain networking. Based on the survey, we identify open challenges for SDONs and outline future directions.

Software Defined Optical Networks (SDONs): A Comprehensive Survey

We compile and classify the research work conducted for Ethernet passive optical networks. We examine PON architectures and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms. Our classifications provide meaningful and insightful presentations of the prior work on EPONs. The main branches of our classification of DBA are: grant sizing, grant scheduling, and optical network unit queue scheduling. We further examine the topics of QoS support, as well as fair bandwidth allocation. The presentation allows those interested in advancing EPON research to quickly understand what already was investigated and what requires further investigation. We summarize results where possible and explicitly point to future avenues of research.

Ethernet passive optical network architectures and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms

Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) network, as an integration of optical fiber network and wireless access network, has attracted intensive research interest and enjoyed significant growth in its applications over the last two decades. Besides bringing great opportunities for the development of FiWi networks, the new applications and techniques, like the emerging Internet of Things (IoT), raise unprecedented challenges in different aspects of FiWi integration. Based on such observation, we provide in this paper a comprehensive survey of recent progress and ongoing research works in the aspects of network architecture, QoS provisioning, scalability improving, reliability enhancing, energy saving, as well as standardization activities and case studies. Furthermore, new trends and challenging issues on future smart FiWi networks are identified and discussed in details.

New Perspectives on Future Smart FiWi Networks: Scalability, Reliability, and Energy Efficiency

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Next-Generation FTTH Passive Optical Networks

The implications of the main components of dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms in ethernet passive optical networks, namely grant scheduling framework, grant sizing, and grant scheduling, have to date been examined in isolation. In contrast, we conduct a comprehensive throughput-delay comparison study of the three main DBA components; whereby, for each of the DBA components, we consider a range of common mechanisms. Our comparison study considers a number of novel combinations of mechanisms for the individual DBA algorithms, such as the double-phase polling (DPP) scheduling framework combined with limited with excess distribution grant sizing, and shortest propagation delay (SPD) first scheduling. We find that this (DPP, Limited with excess, SPD) combination in conjunction with a novel excess sharing mechanism outperforms previously studied DBA algorithms.

Investigation of the DBA Algorithm Design Space for EPONs

Feature
Issue on Optical Ethernet (OE) Ethernet passive optical network
(EPON) efficiency issues in both upstream and downstream directions are discussed in
detail, describing each component of the overall transmission overhead as well as
quantifying their effect on the system's performance and comparing them with the other
existing passive optical network (PON) access systems, namely, asynchronous transfer
mode PON (APON) and generic framing PON (GPON). For EPON, two main transmission overhead
groups are defined, namely, Ethernet encapsulation overhead and EPON-specific scheduling
overhead. Simulations are performed using the source aggregation algorithm (SAA) to
verify the Ethernet encapsulation overhead for various synthetic and measured packet
size distributions (PSDs). A SAA based an EPON simulator is used to verify both upstream
and downstream overall channel efficiencies. The obtained simulation results closely
match the theoretical limits estimated based on the IEEE 802.3ah standard. An estimated
throughput of 820 to 900 Mbits/s is available in the upstream direction, whereas in the
downstream direction effective throughput ranges from 915 to 935 Mbits/s.

EPON versus APON and GPON: a detailed performance comparison

10G-EPON system specifications have reached the end of the development cycle, with the release of the final standard version. Recent announcements of first practical 10G-EPON demonstrations [1, 2] indicate rapid adoption of these specifications by system vendors. Given the growing interest in 10G-EPON, it is useful to examine the worst-case scenario performance of this new first-mile access network in both downstream and upstream channels. Due to the number of technical changes introduced to 10G-EPON when compared with 1G-EPON, the obtained performance figures are substantially different from those of its predecessor. The results presented in this article have been obtained through an analytical model and confirmed by detailed simulation.

Performance of 10G-EPON

We discuss in detail all major security-related issues inherently present in PON systems. Ethernet PON (EPON) type networks have very specific requirements for data- and system-level security, due to combining - for the first time using Ethernet links ? residential and business customers with different security awareness levels and protection demands. Various types of potential network structure targeted attacks are elaborated, starting from simple passive monitoring, through flavors of denial of service (DoS), towards masquerading and theft of service (ToS), presenting a complete and detailed image of security threats in EPONs. Authentication and security mechanisms, as well as their shortcomings, are also briefly examined.

On EPON security issues

Ethernet is constantly evolving, adapting to the needs of the networking world, addressing the requirements of both operators and end users, while making sure that the resulting technology is cost-efficient, reliable, and operates in a plug-and-play manner. The IEEE 802.3 Working Group has been working for the last 30+ years, pushing the boundaries on the speed and capacity of wireline Ethernet links, migrating from shared medium CSMA/CD systems to switched point-to-point Ethernet and then introducing multilane technology and point-to-point emulation over shared media of passive optical networks. In this article, we look at the latest projects adding new features and capabilities to the family of wired Ethernet standards, enabling the exponential growth of the Ethernet ecosystem, driven by technical maturity, cost effectiveness, and broad market support.

Evolution of ethernet standards in the IEEE 802.3 working group

Given the growing need for high-speed access networks with reliable service delivery and lifeline support, fiber-based access rapidly becomes the prevailing solution around the world. Ethernet passive optical network addresses the environmental impact of fiber access through advanced power-saving mechanisms, which reduce the power consumption of customer equipment while preserving customer experience.

Marek Hajduczenia

Papers

EPON versus APON and GPON: a detailed performance comparison

Performance of 10G-EPON

On EPON security issues

Evolution of ethernet standards in the IEEE 802.3 working group

Power-saving methods with guaranteed service interoperability in ethernet passive optical networks