Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

Sentiment analysis and opinion mining is the field of study that analyzes people's opinions, sentiments, evaluations, attitudes, and emotions from written language. It is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing and is also widely studied in data mining, Web mining, and text mining. In fact, this research has spread outside of computer science to the management sciences and social sciences due to its importance to business and society as a whole. The growing importance of sentiment analysis coincides with the growth of social media such as reviews, forum discussions, blogs, micro-blogs, Twitter, and social networks. For the first time in human history, we now have a huge volume of opinionated data recorded in digital form for analysis. Sentiment analysis systems are being applied in almost every business and social domain because opinions are central to almost all human activities and are key influencers of our behaviors. Our beliefs and perceptions of reality, and the choices we make, are largely conditioned on how others see and evaluate the world. For this reason, when we need to make a decision we often seek out the opinions of others. This is true not only for individuals but also for organizations. This book is a comprehensive introductory and survey text. It covers all important topics and the latest developments in the field with over 400 references. It is suitable for students, researchers and practitioners who are interested in social media analysis in general and sentiment analysis in particular. Lecturers can readily use it in class for courses on natural language processing, social media analysis, text mining, and data mining. Lecture slides are also available online.

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Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

“Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks”の学習報告

When using computer-aided translation systems in a typical, professional translation workflow, there are several stages at which there is room for improvement. The SCATE (Smart Computer-Aided Translation Environment) project investigated several of these aspects, both from a human-computer interaction point of view, as well as from a purely technological side. This paper describes the SCATE research with respect to improved fuzzy matching, parallel treebanks, the integration of translation memories with machine translation, quality estimation, terminology extraction from comparable texts, the use of speech recognition in the translation process, and human computer interaction and interface design for the professional translation environment. For each of these topics, we describe the experiments we performed and the conclusions drawn, providing an overview of the highlights of the entire SCATE project.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/6/2/24/pdf

Improving the Translation Environment for Professional Translators

When tweeting on a topic, Twitter users often post messages that convey the same or similar meaning. We describe TweetingJay, a system for detecting paraphrases and semantic similarity of tweets, with which we participated in Task 1 of SemEval 2015. TweetingJay uses a supervised model that combines semantic overlap and word alignment features, previously shown to be effective for detecting semantic textual similarity. TweetingJay reaches 65.9% F1-score and ranked fourth among the 18 participating systems. We additionally provide an analysis of the dataset and point to some peculiarities of the evaluation setup.

/pdf/tklbliir-detecting-twitter-paraphrases-with-tweetingjay-2mvt5ia3i6.pdf

TKLBLIIR: Detecting Twitter Paraphrases with TweetingJay

Domain adaptation is a challenge for supervised NLP systems because of expensive and time-consuming manual annotated resources. We present a novel method to adapt a supervised coreference resolution system trained on newswire to short narrative stories without retraining the system. The idea is to perform inference via an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation with the features of narratives adopted as soft constraints. When testing on the UMIREC 1 and N2 2 corpora with the-stateof-the-art Berkeley coreference resolution system trained on OntoNotes 3 , our inference substantially outperforms the original inference on the CoNLL 2011 metric.

/pdf/adapting-coreference-resolution-for-narrative-processing-kbdjfax4x2.pdf

Adapting Coreference Resolution for Narrative Processing

The automatic detection of arguments in text regards a relatively new area at the intersection of Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval and Legal Information Systems. This paper presents some fundamental issues when processing texts that contain argumentation. Furthermore, our research bridges different areas, including the legal field and the Semantic Web, where argumentation detection and reconstruction could be beneficial. Finally, it analyses several methodologies to accomplish this task, providing results from different experiments done over several kinds of texts, specially legal reports.

Automatic Argumentation Detection and its Role in Law and the Semantic Web

/pdf/k-u-leuven-summarization-system-at-duc-2004-25s0hsnj3s.pdf

Marie-Francine Moens

Papers

Improving the Translation Environment for Professional Translators

TKLBLIIR: Detecting Twitter Paraphrases with TweetingJay

Adapting Coreference Resolution for Narrative Processing

Automatic Argumentation Detection and its Role in Law and the Semantic Web

K.U.Leuven summarization system at DUC 2004