MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(01)00622-5.pdf

The Novel Zinc Finger-Containing Transcription Factor Osterix Is Required for Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation

As targets for the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506, transcription factors of the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family have been the focus of much attention. NFAT proteins, which are expressed in most immune-system cells, play a pivotal role in the transcription of cytokine genes and other genes critical for the immune response. The activity of NFAT proteins is tightly regulated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, a primary target for inhibition by cyclosporin A and FK506. Calcineurin controls the translocation of NFAT proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of activated cells by interacting with an N-terminal regulatory domain conserved in the NFAT family. The DNA-binding domains of NFAT proteins resemble those of Rel-family proteins, and Rel and NFAT proteins show some overlap in their ability to bind to certain regulatory elements in cytokine genes. NFAT is also notable for its ability to bind cooperatively with transcription factors of the AP-1 (Fos/Jun) family to composite NFAT:AP-1 sites, found in the regulatory regions of many genes that are inducibly transcribed by immune-system cells. This review discusses recent data on the diversity of the NFAT family of transcription factors, the regulation of NFAT proteins within cells, and the cooperation of NFAT proteins with other transcription factors to regulate the expression of inducible genes.

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS OF THE NFAT FAMILY:Regulation and Function

The spontaneous deamination of cytosine is a major source of transitions from C•G to T•A base pairs, which account for half of known pathogenic point mutations in humans. The ability to efficiently convert targeted A•T base pairs to G•C could therefore advance the study and treatment of genetic diseases. The deamination of adenine yields inosine, which is treated as guanine by polymerases, but no enzymes are known to deaminate adenine in DNA. Here we describe adenine base editors (ABEs) that mediate the conversion of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA. We evolved a transfer RNA adenosine deaminase to operate on DNA when fused to a catalytically impaired CRISPR-Cas9 mutant. Extensive directed evolution and protein engineering resulted in seventh-generation ABEs that convert targeted A•T base pairs efficiently to G•C (approximately 50% efficiency in human cells) with high product purity (typically at least 99.9%) and low rates of indels (typically no more than 0.1%). ABEs introduce point mutations more efficiently and cleanly, and with less off-target genome modification, than a current Cas9 nuclease-based method, and can install disease-correcting or disease-suppressing mutations in human cells. Together with previous base editors, ABEs enable the direct, programmable introduction of all four transition mutations without double-stranded DNA cleavage.

/pdf/programmable-base-editing-of-a-t-to-g-c-in-genomic-dna-rn1bxgz6yb.pdf

Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage

https://www.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/Leere/SS10/Praktikum/Eulgen00_WRKY.pdf

The WRKY superfamily of plant transcription factors

FOG, a Multitype Zinc Finger Protein, Acts as a Cofactor for Transcription Factor GATA-1 in Erythroid and Megakaryocytic Differentiation

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a protein moiety that is ligated to lysine residues in a variety of target proteins. The addition of SUMO can modulate the ability of proteins to interact with their partners, alter their patterns of subcellular localization and control their stability. It is clear that SUMO influences many different biological processes, but recent data suggest that it is particularly important in the regulation of transcription. Indeed, several transcription factors, such as Sp3, c-Jun, c-Myb and various nuclear receptors, have recently been shown to be subject to sumoylation and, although this modification can have a positive influence, a growing body of evidence highlights its role in the negative regulation of transcription. This review summarizes recent experiments focusing on sumoylation and transcriptional repression.

/pdf/modification-with-sumo-a-role-in-transcriptional-regulation-53ujqsmaz2.pdf

Modification with SUMO. A role in transcriptional regulation.

Zinc fingers are sticking together

https://www.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/pdf/S0968-0004(06)00331-8.pdf

Merlin Crossley

Papers

FOG, a Multitype Zinc Finger Protein, Acts as a Cofactor for Transcription Factor GATA-1 in Erythroid and Megakaryocytic Differentiation

Modification with SUMO. A role in transcriptional regulation.

Zinc fingers are sticking together

Sticky fingers: zinc-fingers as protein-recognition motifs

Krüppel-like transcription factors: a functional family.