Neil R. Kitteringham

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that under chronic exposure, the sensitivity of the hepatocytes drastically increased and toxicity of a set of hepatotoxins was detected at clinically relevant concentrations, and the PHH spheroid system constitutes a versatile and promising in vitro system to study liver function, liver diseases, drug targets and long-term DILI.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the evidence for reactive metabolite formation from hepatotoxic drugs, such as acetaminophen, tamoxifen, diclofenac, and troglitazone, and the current hypotheses of how this leads to liver injury and indicates that the toxicity of reactive metabolites may be mediated by noncovalent binding mechanisms, which may also have profound effects on normal liver physiology.

TL;DR: The current status of adverse drug reactions is reviewed, briefly describing the complexity of the more bizarre reactions and outlining a strategy to eliminate serious adversedrug reactions.

TL;DR: Development in quantitative MS, through the application of stable isotope labelling and scanning techniques, such as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), have greatly enhanced both the specificity and sensitivity of MS-based assays to the point that they can rival immunoassay for some analytes.

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding of the biochemistry that underlies the Nrf2 defence pathway, and highlight the important role of this transcription factor in the protection against drug-induced toxicity, primarily through the examination of recent investigations that have demonstrated an increased vulnerability to various toxins in animals lacking NRF2.