Deep learning is a form of machine learning that enables computers to learn from experience and understand the world in terms of a hierarchy of concepts. Because the computer gathers knowledge from experience, there is no need for a human computer operator to formally specify all the knowledge that the computer needs. The hierarchy of concepts allows the computer to learn complicated concepts by building them out of simpler ones; a graph of these hierarchies would be many layers deep. This book introduces a broad range of topics in deep learning. The text offers mathematical and conceptual background, covering relevant concepts in linear algebra, probability theory and information theory, numerical computation, and machine learning. It describes deep learning techniques used by practitioners in industry, including deep feedforward networks, regularization, optimization algorithms, convolutional networks, sequence modeling, and practical methodology; and it surveys such applications as natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, online recommendation systems, bioinformatics, and videogames. Finally, the book offers research perspectives, covering such theoretical topics as linear factor models, autoencoders, representation learning, structured probabilistic models, Monte Carlo methods, the partition function, approximate inference, and deep generative models. Deep Learning can be used by undergraduate or graduate students planning careers in either industry or research, and by software engineers who want to begin using deep learning in their products or platforms. A website offers supplementary material for both readers and instructors.

Deep Learning

The increasing volume of data in modern business and science calls for more complex and sophisticated tools. Although advances in data mining technology have made extensive data collection much easier, it's still always evolving and there is a constant need for new techniques and tools that can help us transform this data into useful information and knowledge. Since the previous edition's publication, great advances have been made in the field of data mining. Not only does the third of edition of Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques continue the tradition of equipping you with an understanding and application of the theory and practice of discovering patterns hidden in large data sets, it also focuses on new, important topics in the field: data warehouses and data cube technology, mining stream, mining social networks, and mining spatial, multimedia and other complex data. Each chapter is a stand-alone guide to a critical topic, presenting proven algorithms and sound implementations ready to be used directly or with strategic modification against live data. This is the resource you need if you want to apply today's most powerful data mining techniques to meet real business challenges. * Presents dozens of algorithms and implementation examples, all in pseudo-code and suitable for use in real-world, large-scale data mining projects. * Addresses advanced topics such as mining object-relational databases, spatial databases, multimedia databases, time-series databases, text databases, the World Wide Web, and applications in several fields. *Provides a comprehensive, practical look at the concepts and techniques you need to get the most out of real business data

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/DeepLearningInNeuralNetworksOverview.JSchmidhuber2015.pdf

Deep learning in neural networks

Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

1. Introduction to probabilities, graphs, and causal models 2. A theory of inferred causation 3. Causal diagrams and the identification of causal effects 4. Actions, plans, and direct effects 5. Causality and structural models in the social sciences 6. Simpson's paradox, confounding, and collapsibility 7. Structural and counterfactual models 8. Imperfect experiments: bounds and counterfactuals 9. Probability of causation: interpretation and identification Epilogue: the art and science of cause and effect.

Causality: models, reasoning, and inference

Sets of local patterns in the forms of rules and co-occurrence counts are produced by many data mining methods such as association rule algorithms. While such patterns can yield useful insights it is not obvious how to synthesize local sparse information into a coherent global predictive model. We study the use of a cross-entropy approach to combining local patterns. Each local pattern is viewed as a constraint on an appropriate high-order joint distribution of interest. Typically, a set of patterns returned by a data mining algorithm under-constrains the high-order model. The cross-entropy criterion is used to select a specific distribution in this constrained family relative to a prior. We review the iterative-scaling algorithm which is an iterative technique for hiding a joint distribution given constraints. We then illustrate the application of this method to two specific problems. The first problem is combining information about frequent itemsets. We show that the cross-entropy approach can be used for query selectivity estimation for O/l data sets. The results show that we can accurately answer a large class of queries using just a small set of aggregate information. The second problem involves sequence modeling using historical rules, with an application to protejn sequences. We conclude that viewing local patterns as constraints on a high-order probability model is a useful and principled framework for prediction based on large sets of mined patterns.

Prediction with local patterns using cross-entropy

A Markov random field (MRF) statistical model is introduced, developed, and validated for detecting the east Pacific intertropical convergence zone in instantaneous satellite data from May through October. The MRF statistical model uses satellite data at a given location as well as information from its neighboring points (in time and space) to decide whether the given point is classified as ITCZ or non-ITCZ. Two different labels of ITCZ occurrence are produced. IR-only labels result from running the model with 3-hourly infrared data available for a 30-yr period, 1980–2009. All-data labels result from running the model with additional satellite data (visible and total precipitable water), available from 1995 to 2008. IR-only labels detect less area of ITCZ than all-data labels, especially where the ITCZ is shallower. Yet, qualitatively, the results for the two sets of labels are similar. The seasonal distribution of the ITCZ through the summer half year is presented, showing typical location and e...

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Detecting the ITCZ in Instantaneous Satellite Data using Spatiotemporal Statistical Modeling: ITCZ Climatology in the East Pacific

INTRODUCTION The KDD Cup is the oldest of the many data mining competitions that are now popular [1]. It is an integral part of the annual ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD). In 2007, the traditional KDD Cup competition was augmented with a workshop with a focus on the concurrently active Netflix Prize competition [2]. The KDD Cup itself in 2007 consisted of a prediction competition using Netflix movie rating data, with tasks that were different and separate from those being used in the Netflix Prize itself. At the workshop, participants in both the KDD Cup and the Netflix Prize competition presented their results and analyses, and exchanged ideas.

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KDD Cup and Workshop 2007

This paper discusses the problem of knowledge discovery in image databases with particular focus on the issues which arise when absolute ground truth is not available. The problem of searching the Magellan image data set in order to automatically locate and catalog small volcanoes on the planet Venus is used as a case study. In the absence of calibrated ground truth, planetary scientists provide subjective estimates of ground truth based on visual inspection of Magellan images. The paper discusses issues which arise in terms of elicitation of subjective probabilistic opinion, learning from probabilistic labels, and effective evaluation of both scientist and algorithm performance in the absence of ground truth. Data from the Magellan volcano detection project is used to illustrate the various techniques which we have developed to handle these issues. The primary conclusion of the paper is that knowledge discovery methodologies can be modified to handle lack of absolute ground truth provided the sources of uncertainty in the data are carefully handled.

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Knowledge discovery in large image databases: dealing with uncertainties in ground truth

This paper proposes a general probabilistic framework for shape-based modeling and classification of waveform data. A segmental hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to characterize waveform shape and shape variation is captured by adding random effects to the segmental model. The resulting probabilistic framework provides a basis for learning of waveform models from data as well as parsing and recognition of new waveforms. Expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms are derived and investigated for fitting such models to data. In particular, the "expectation conditional maximization either" (ECME) algorithm is shown to provide significantly faster convergence than a standard EM procedure. Experimental results on two real-world data sets demonstrate that the proposed approach leads to improved accuracy in classification and segmentation when compared to alternatives such as Euclidean distance matching, dynamic time warping, and segmental HMMs without random effects.

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Padhraic Smyth

Papers

Prediction with local patterns using cross-entropy

Detecting the ITCZ in Instantaneous Satellite Data using Spatiotemporal Statistical Modeling: ITCZ Climatology in the East Pacific

KDD Cup and Workshop 2007

Knowledge discovery in large image databases: dealing with uncertainties in ground truth

Segmental Hidden Markov Models with Random Effects for Waveform Modeling