抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Summary for policymakers Technical summary 1. The climate system - an overview 2. Observed climate variability and change 3. The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 4. Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases 5. Aerosols, their direct and indirect effects 6. Radiative forcing of climate change 7. Physical climate processes and feedbacks 8. Model evaluation 9. Projections of future climate change 10. Regional climate simulation - evaluation and projections 11. Changes in sea level 12. Detection of climate change and attribution of causes 13. Climate scenario development 14. Advancing our understanding Glossary Index Appendix.

Climate change 2001: the scientific basis

Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmental change, argue Johan Rockstrom and colleagues.

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A safe operating space for humanity

Drafting Authors: Neil Adger, Pramod Aggarwal, Shardul Agrawala, Joseph Alcamo, Abdelkader Allali, Oleg Anisimov, Nigel Arnell, Michel Boko, Osvaldo Canziani, Timothy Carter, Gino Casassa, Ulisses Confalonieri, Rex Victor Cruz, Edmundo de Alba Alcaraz, William Easterling, Christopher Field, Andreas Fischlin, Blair Fitzharris, Carlos Gay García, Clair Hanson, Hideo Harasawa, Kevin Hennessy, Saleemul Huq, Roger Jones, Lucka Kajfež Bogataj, David Karoly, Richard Klein, Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Murari Lal, Rodel Lasco, Geoff Love, Xianfu Lu, Graciela Magrín, Luis José Mata, Roger McLean, Bettina Menne, Guy Midgley, Nobuo Mimura, Monirul Qader Mirza, José Moreno, Linda Mortsch, Isabelle Niang-Diop, Robert Nicholls, Béla Nováky, Leonard Nurse, Anthony Nyong, Michael Oppenheimer, Jean Palutikof, Martin Parry, Anand Patwardhan, Patricia Romero Lankao, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Stephen Schneider, Serguei Semenov, Joel Smith, John Stone, Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, David Vaughan, Coleen Vogel, Thomas Wilbanks, Poh Poh Wong, Shaohong Wu, Gary Yohe

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This paper describes the contents of the 2016 edition of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic compilation. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2012 and its updates during the intervening years. The HITRAN molecular absorption compilation is composed of five major components: the traditional line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, infrared absorption cross-sections for molecules not yet amenable to representation in a line-by-line form, collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables such as partition sums that apply globally to the data. The new HITRAN is greatly extended in terms of accuracy, spectral coverage, additional absorption phenomena, added line-shape formalisms, and validity. Moreover, molecules, isotopologues, and perturbing gases have been added that address the issues of atmospheres beyond the Earth. Of considerable note, experimental IR cross-sections for almost 300 additional molecules important in different areas of atmospheric science have been added to the database. The compilation can be accessed through www.hitran.org. Most of the HITRAN data have now been cast into an underlying relational database structure that offers many advantages over the long-standing sequential text-based structure. The new structure empowers the user in many ways. It enables the incorporation of an extended set of fundamental parameters per transition, sophisticated line-shape formalisms, easy user-defined output formats, and very convenient searching, filtering, and plotting of data. A powerful application programming interface making use of structured query language (SQL) features for higher-level applications of HITRAN is also provided.

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The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database

/pdf/new-insights-in-the-global-cycle-of-acetonitrile-release-1nq2apkznv.pdf

New insights in the global cycle of acetonitrile: release from the ocean and acetonitrile: release from the ocean and Venezuela

Fate of Mountain Glaciers in the Anthropocene. A Report by the Working Group on 2-4 April 2011

The BULLETIN Interviews: Professor Paul Josef Crutzen

During the last decade there have been varying predictions for an expected decrease of total atmospheric ozone through catalytic photochemical processes caused by human activities such as release of various chlorinated hydrocarbons, operation of high-altitude aircraft or use of mineral fertilizers. In the last years the picture has been broadened by consideration of photochemical ozone production in the troposphere, which can compensate for some of the stratospheric ozone depletion. This process is sensitive to injection of methane and nitrogen oxides into the troposphere. Recently, it has also been pointed out that an increase of CO2 can increase stratospheric ozone by decreasing the temperature in the stratosphere. While model scenarios predict changes for total ozone between +0.5% and -1.5% until the year 1980, a statistical analysis of total ozone measurements gives a slightly positive trend with most probable values below 0.5%.

Inconsistencies in Current Photochemical Models Deduced from Considerations of the Ozone Budget

Die Zusammensetzung der Atmosphare wird zu einem betrachtlichen Teil durch biologische Prozesse bestimmt. Dies gilt auch fur die am haufigsten vorkommenden atmospharischen Gase, N2 und O2, deren Volumenmischungsverhaltnisse etwa 78% und 21% betragen. Da die jahrliche Netto-Aufnahme und Abgabe dieser Gase an der Erdoberflache viel kleiner ist als deren atmospharisches Reservoir, betragen die Lebenszeiten beider Gase einige 10000 Jahre. Demzufolge sind innerhalb der Zeitspanne von Jahrzehnten oder Jahrhunderten keine nennenswerten Anderungen der Mischungsverhaltnisse dieser Gase zu erwarten. Da photochemische Prozesse, die N2 und O2 angreifen, in den untersten 100 km der Atmosphare vergleichsweise langsam ablaufen, sind diese Gase in der gesamten Atmosphare bis zu einer Hohe von etwa 100 km gleichmasig durchmischt. In diesem Artikel werden wir uns hauptsachlich auf Gase mit viel kurzeren Lebenszeiten konzentrieren, und N2 und O2 als konstante „Background“-Gase ansehen. Zwei in geringen Mengen auftretende Reaktionsprodukte von N2 und O2, namlich das NO und das O3, sind fur die atmospharische Chemie von groser Bedeutung.

Paul J. Crutzen

Papers

New insights in the global cycle of acetonitrile: release from the ocean and acetonitrile: release from the ocean and Venezuela

Fate of Mountain Glaciers in the Anthropocene. A Report by the Working Group on 2-4 April 2011

The BULLETIN Interviews: Professor Paul Josef Crutzen

Inconsistencies in Current Photochemical Models Deduced from Considerations of the Ozone Budget

Globale Aspekte der atmosphärischen Chemie: Natürliche und anthropogene Einflüsse