Valid measurement scales for predicting user acceptance of computers are in short supply. Most subjective measures used in practice are unvalidated, and their relationship to system usage is unknown. The present research develops and validates new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance. Definitions of these two variables were used to develop scale items that were pretested for content validity and then tested for reliability and construct validity in two studies involving a total of 152 users and four application programs. The measures were refined and streamlined, resulting in two six-item scales with reliabilities of .98 for usefulness and .94 for ease of use. The scales exhibited hgih convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Perceived usefulness was significnatly correlated with both self-reported current usage r = .63, Study 1) and self-predicted future usage r = .85, Study 2). Perceived ease of use was also significantly correlated with current usage r = .45, Study 1) and future usage r = .59, Study 2). In both studies, usefulness had a signficnatly greater correaltion with usage behavior than did ease of use. Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecdent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage. Implications are drawn for future research on user acceptance.

Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology

This paper presents a theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a predominant concern in system operation, based on a descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and working memory are presented as critical factors limiting operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the model presented. The model is used to generate design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directio...

Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems

The authors address the role of marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments (CMEs). Their approach considers hypermedia CMEs to be large-scale (i.e., national or global) networked enviro...

/pdf/marketing-in-hypermedia-computer-mediated-environments-2ffhdnb9gv.pdf

Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations

Undergraduates expressed their attitudes about a product after being exposed to a magazine ad under conditions of either high or low product involvement. The ad contained either strong or weak arguments for the product and featured either prominent sports celebrities or average citizens as endorsers. The manipulation of argument quality had a greater impact on attitudes under high than low involvement, but the manipulation of product endorser had a greater impact under low than high involvement. These results are consistent with the view that there are two relatively distinct routes to persuasion.

/pdf/central-and-peripheral-routes-to-advertising-effectiveness-3df6ux9pca.pdf

Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement

The purpose of this article is to review basic empirical results from the psychological literature in a way that provides a useful foundation for research on consumer knowledge. A conceptual organization for this diverse literature is provided by two fundamental distinctions. First, consumer expertise is distinguished from product-related experience. Second, five distinct aspects, or dimensions, of expertise are identified: cognitive effort, cognitive structure, analysis, elaboration, and memory. Improvements in the first two dimensions are shown to have general beneficial effects on the latter three. Analysis, elaboration, and memory are shown to have more specific interrelationships. The empirical findings related to each dimension are reviewed and, on the basis of those findings, specific research hypotheses about the effects of expertise on consumer behavior are suggested.

Dimensions of Consumer Expertise

: Conventional contact resistance exsistance extraction structures suffer inaccuracies when measuring small values of contact resistivity which are sensitive to small perturbations in device fabrication. This is because two- dimensional current crowding around the perphery of the contact window introduces parasitic resistance components which are not accounted for by the one-dimensional model and which can be much larger than the contact resistance component for low values of specific contact resisivity rho sub c. Unfortunately, there is no direct method to isolate these parastics, which makes the extraction of rho sub c using the conventional test structures difficult. In this paper, a novel test device, the sidewall resistor, which utilizes the vertical sidewall dimensions, is demonstrated to circumvent these difficulties. The proposed structure has the advantage that a simple one dimensional (1 D) extraction technique can still be used. The specific contact resistivity between pure Al and N+ polycrystalline Si is accurately extracted with the value of 7.4 x 10 to the -8th power ohm cm. The sidewall resistor is then used to extract the contact resistivity between pure A1 and WSi2 which turns out to be less than 5 x 10 to the -9th power ohm cm. Reprints.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/16/31958/01486020.pdf

IVB-7 the sidewall resistor&#8212;A novel test structure to reliably extract specific contact resistivity

Theoretical Perspectives on Deceptive Persuasion

Modeling an Organizational Buyer's Product

VIB-8 the effect of a superconducting interconnect on circuit performance

A description is given of the development of a novel single-wafer multiprocessing reactor for flexible VLSI manufacturing that combines lamp heating, remote microwave plasma processing, and photo processing in a single cold-wall chamber for multilayer in-situ growth and deposition of dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals. Three examples of multiprocessing technology are discussed: low-temperature growth of ultrathin dielectrics, selective and nonselective chemical vapor deposition of tungsten, and epitaxial growth of silicon and silicon-germanium alloys. >

Peter Wright

Papers

IVB-7 the sidewall resistor—A novel test structure to reliably extract specific contact resistivity

Theoretical Perspectives on Deceptive Persuasion

Modeling an Organizational Buyer's Product

VIB-8 the effect of a superconducting interconnect on circuit performance

Single wafer in-situ multiprocessing

Peter Wright

Papers

IVB-7 the sidewall resistor&#8212;A novel test structure to reliably extract specific contact resistivity

Theoretical Perspectives on Deceptive Persuasion

Modeling an Organizational Buyer's Product

VIB-8 the effect of a superconducting interconnect on circuit performance

Single wafer in-situ multiprocessing

IVB-7 the sidewall resistor—A novel test structure to reliably extract specific contact resistivity