抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Background: Currently, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of sufficient experimental detail in many publications, which impedes a reader’s ability to evaluate critically the quality of the results presented or to repeat the experiments.

Content: The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines target the reliability of results to help ensure the integrity of the scientific literature, promote consistency between laboratories, and increase experimental transparency. MIQE is a set of guidelines that describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating qPCR experiments. Included is a checklist to accompany the initial submission of a manuscript to the publisher. By providing all relevant experimental conditions and assay characteristics, reviewers can assess the validity of the protocols used. Full disclosure of all reagents, sequences, and analysis methods is necessary to enable other investigators to reproduce results. MIQE details should be published either in abbreviated form or as an online supplement.

Summary: Following these guidelines will encourage better experimental practice, allowing more reliable and unequivocal interpretation of qPCR results.

/pdf/the-miqe-guidelines-minimum-information-for-publication-of-27m8n04lrd.pdf

The MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments

Stem cell biology has come of age. Unequivocal proof that stem cells exist in the haematopoietic system has given way to the prospective isolation of several tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells, the initial delineation of their properties and expressed genetic programmes, and the beginnings of their utility in regenerative medicine. Perhaps the most important and useful property of stem cells is that of self-renewal. Through this property, striking parallels can be found between stem cells and cancer cells: tumours may often originate from the transformation of normal stem cells, similar signalling pathways may regulate self-renewal in stem cells and cancer cells, and cancer cells may include 'cancer stem cells' - rare cells with indefinite potential for self-renewal that drive tumorigenesis.

/pdf/stem-cells-cancer-and-cancer-stem-cells-3s9b9ssybc.pdf

Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells

Mutations of the gene Lps selectively impede lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal transduction in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice, rendering them resistant to endotoxin yet highly susceptible to Gram-negative infection. The codominant Lpsd allele of C3H/HeJ mice was shown to correspond to a missense mutation in the third exon of the Toll-like receptor-4 gene (Tlr4), predicted to replace proline with histidine at position 712 of the polypeptide chain. C57BL/10ScCr mice are homozygous for a null mutation of Tlr4. Thus, the mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane. Destructive mutations of Tlr4 predispose to the development of Gram-negative sepsis, leaving most aspects of immune function intact.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/282/5396/2085.full.pdf

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

Defective LPS signaling in C3 H/HeJ and C57 BL/10 ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

The present invention provides two novel polypeptides, referred to as the “N” and “C” fragments of hedgehog, or N-terminal and C-terminal fragments, respectively, which are derived after specific cleavage at a G′CF site recognized by the autoproteolytic domain in the native protein. Also included are sterol-modified hedgehog polypeptides and functional fragments thereof. Methods of identifying compositions which affect hedgehog activity based on inhibition of cholesterol modification of hedgehog protein are described.

Method of detection using antibodies that specifically bind hedgehog-derived polypeptides

Use of steroidal alkaloid derivatives as inhibitors of hedgehog protein signaling pathways

Deux polypeptides nouveaux denommes fragments 'N' ou N-terminaux et 'C' ou C-terminaux du herisson, obtenus a la suite d'un clivage specifique en un site G↓CF reconnu par le domaine autoproteolytique de la proteine native. Sont egalement presentes des modes d'emploi des fragments N et C.

Nouveaux polypeptides derives de hedgehog

The instant disclosure provides methods of locally increasing the number T regulatory (Treg) cells, in particular Foxp3-expressing Treg cells, in the damaged epithelium of a subject by administering to the subject an agonist of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Also provided are methods of preventing a condition associated with damaged epithelium by prophylactically inducing Foxp3 -expressing Treg cells by administering a Hedgehog pathway agonist in a subject at risk of developing such a condition. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising Hedgehog agonists formulated for use in the described methods.

Methods of local induction of t regulatory cells

La presente invention a trait a des composes aromatiques pour le traitement de diverses maladies et pathologies. L'invention a egalement trait a des procedes mettant en oeuvre de tels composes. Par consequent la presente invention propose des procedes et des compositions pour l'inhibition d'etats de croissance aberrante derivee de gain de fonction Hedgehog, de perte de fonction Patched ou de gain de fonction Smoothened

Philip A. Beachy

Papers

Method of detection using antibodies that specifically bind hedgehog-derived polypeptides

Use of steroidal alkaloid derivatives as inhibitors of hedgehog protein signaling pathways

Nouveaux polypeptides derives de hedgehog

Methods of local induction of t regulatory cells

Antagonistes de la voie hedgehog