A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives.

WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected pollutants.

Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical applications Currently, many studies have investigated the biocompatibility and toxicity of GFNs in vivo and in intro Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies This review collects studies on the toxic effects of GFNs in several organs and cell models We also point out that various factors determine the toxicity of GFNs including the lateral size, surface structure, functionalization, charge, impurities, aggregations, and corona effect ect In addition, several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways In this review, we summarize the available information on regulating factors and the mechanisms of GFNs toxicity, and propose some challenges and suggestions for further investigations of GFNs, with the aim of completing the toxicology mechanisms, and providing suggestions to improve the biological safety of GFNs and facilitate their wide application

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Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms

Oral toxicity of silver ions, silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver - A review

(Intra)cellular stability of inorganic nanoparticles: effects on cytotoxicity, particle functionality, and biomedical applications.

Recent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2-D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity. Median lethal concentration (LC50 ) (rat, inhalation, 4 h) and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) (lung or bronchial cell, 24 h) data for 59 substances were obtained from the literature and by experiments. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on 44 substances with reported LC50 , but without IC50 , data to obtain the IC50 values. A weak correlation was observed between the IC50 and LC50 of all substances. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and non-VOCs (NVOCs) (16 substances) with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L were strongly correlated between 24-h IC50 and 4-h LC50 , and this had an excellent predictive ability to distinguish between Categories 1-3 and 4 (Globally Harmonized System classification for acute inhalation toxicity). Our results suggest that the submerged 2-D cell culture model may be used to predict in vivo acute inhalation toxicity for substances with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L in SVOCs and NVOCs.

Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines

1,2,3-benzotriazole adversely affects early-life stage of Oryzias latipes

In water, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), a source for chlorine gas generation, releases free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. NaDCC has been used as a disinfectant in humidifiers; however, its inhalation toxicity is a concern. Seven-week-old rats were exposed to NaDCC doses of 100, 500, and 2500 μg·kg−1 body weight by intratracheal instillation (ITI) to investigate pulmonary toxicity. The rats were sacrificed at 1 d (exposure group) or 14 d (recovery group) after ITI. Despite a slight decrease in body weight after exposure, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and NaDCC-treated groups. A significant increase in the total protein level of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was observed in the exposure groups. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage into the BALF increased significantly (p < 0.01) in the exposure groups; however, recovery was observed after 14 d. The measurement of cytokines in the BALF samples indicated a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in the exposure group and IL-8 in the recovery group. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory foci and pulmonary edema around the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. This study demonstrated that ITI of NaDCC induced reversible pulmonary edema and inflammation without hepatic involvement in rats.

Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats

Objectives: This study intends to evaluate the ecological risk of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and their compounds according to the 2010 action plan on inventory and management for national priority chemicals and provide calculations of risks to the environment. By doing so, we aim to inform risk management measures for the target chemicals. Methods: We conducted species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis using the collected ecotoxicity data and obtained predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for the in-water environment using a hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) protective of most species (95%) in the environment. Based on the calculated PNECs for aquatic organisms, PNEC values for soil and sediment were calculated using the partition coefficient. We also calculated predicted exposure concentration (PEC) from nation-wide environmental monitoring data and then the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated using PNEC for environmental media. Results: Ecological toxicity data was categorized into five groups and five species for Pb and four groups and four species for As. Based on the HC5 values from SSD analysis, the PNEC value for aquatic organisms was calculated as 0.40 μg/L for Pb and 0.13 μg/L for As. PNEC values for soil and sediment calculated using a partition coefficient were 77.36 and 350.50 mg/kg for Pb and 24.20 and 112.75 mg/kg for As. The analysis of national environmental monitoring data showed that PEC values in water were 0.284 μg/L for Pb and 0.024 μg/L for As, while those in soil and sediment were respectively 45.9 and 44 mg/kg for Pb, and 11.40 and 19.80 mg/kg for As. Conclusions: HQs of Pb and As were 0.70 and 0.18 in water, while those in soil and sediment were 0.59 and 0.13 for Pb and 0.47 and 0.18 for As. With HQs <1 of lead and arsenic in the environment, their ecological risk levels are found to be low.

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO202008662607986.pdf

Ecological Risk Assessment of Lead and Arsenic by Environmental Media

National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, KoreaABSTRACTObjectives: Perchloroethylene (PCE) is a volatile chemical widely used as a solvent in the dry-cleaning andtextile processing industries It was evaluated as Group 2 “probably carcinogenic to humans” by the IntegratedRisk Information System (IRIS) of the United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in 2012 Inorder to provide a scientific basis for establishing risk management measures for chemicals on the nationalpriority substances list, aggregate risk assessment was conducted for PCE, included in the top-10 substancesMethods: We conducted the investigation and monitoring of PCE exposure (eg, exposure scenario, detectionlevels, and exposure factors, etc) and assessed its multi-media (eg, outdoor air, indoor air, and ground water)exposure risk with a deterministic and probabilistic approach Results: In human risk assessment (HRA), the level of human exposure was higher in the younger age groupThe exposure level through inhalation at home was the highest among the exposure routes Outdoor air or uptakeof drinking water represented less than 1% of total contributions to PCE exposure These findings suggested thatthe level of risk was negligible since the Hazard Index (HI) induced by HRA was below one among all agegroups, with a maximum HI value of 017 when reasonable maximum exposure was applied Conclusion: In conclusion, it was suggested that despite low exposure risk, further studies are neededconsidering main sources, including occupational exposure Keywords: Monte-carlo method, Perchloroethylene, Risk assessment

https://www.koreascience.kr:443/article/JAKO201432252666207.pdf

Pilje Kim

Papers

Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines

1,2,3-benzotriazole adversely affects early-life stage of Oryzias latipes

Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats

Ecological Risk Assessment of Lead and Arsenic by Environmental Media

Human Risk Assessment of Perchloroethylene Considering Multi-media Exposure