Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

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Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

▶ Addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics ▶ A forum to review, analyze and stimulate the development, testing and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national and global scales ▶ Contributes to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated ▶ 94% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

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A User’s Guide

As the result of intensive research and breeding efforts over the last 20 years, the yield potential and yield quality of cereals have been greatly improved. Nowadays, yield safety has gained more importance because of the forecasted climatic changes. Drought and high temperature are especially considered as key stress factors with high potential impact on crop yield. Yield safety can only be improved if future breeding attempts will be based on the valuable new knowledge acquired on the processes determining plant development and its responses to stress. Plant stress responses are very complex. Interactions between plant structure, function and the environment need to be investigated at various phases of plant development at the organismal, cellular as well as molecular levels in order to obtain a full picture. The results achieved so far in this field indicate that various plant organs, in a definite hierarchy and in interaction with each other, are involved in determining crop yield under stress. Here we attempt to summarize the currently available information on cereal reproduction under drought and heat stress and to give an outlook towards potential strategies to improve yield safety in cereals.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x

The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals.

Solar and Terrestrial Radiation

Palmer amaranth control and grain sorghum injury with pyrasulfotole plus bromoxynil and tank mixtures

Proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in barley roots during the tillering stage. Bioinformatic tools were used to interpret the biological function, the pathway analysis and the visualisation of the network amongst the identified proteins. A total of 72 DAPs (33 upregulated and 39 downregulated) among a total of 2580 proteins were identified in response to compost treatment, suggesting multiple pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, such as carbohydrates and energy metabolism, phenylpropanoid pathway, glycolysis pathway, protein synthesis and degradation, redox homeostasis, RNA processing, stress response, cytoskeleton organisation, and phytohormone metabolic pathways. The expression of DAPs was further validated by qRT-PCR. The effects on barley plant development, such as the promotion of root growth and biomass increase, were associated with a change in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. The activation of enzymes involved in redox homeostasis and the regulation of stress response proteins suggest a protective effect of compost, consequently improving barley growth and stress acclimation through the reduction of the environmental impact of productive agriculture. Overall, these results may facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of compost-promoted plant growth and provide valuable information for the identification of critical genes/proteins in barley as potential targets of compost.

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Effects of Date Palm Waste Compost Application on Root Proteome Changes of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Climate warming exacerbates plant disease through enhancing commensal interaction of co-infested insect vectors

Genetic dissection of complex traits by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis permits the understanding of the genotypic effects of QTL, interactions between QTLs, and QTL-by-environment interactions in wheat. This study aimed to identify the QTL linked to yield, its components, end-use quality traits including kernel, flour, and dough rheology, and related agronomic traits under dryland and irrigated conditions. A mapping population of 179 F2:6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from ‘TAM 111’/‘TX05A001822’ was evaluated for these traits to investigate their genetic stability and phenotypic plasticity using 2658 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with 35 linkage groups. Traits associated with chromosome regions were detected for individual and across-environment QTL by inclusive composite interval mapping. A total of 30 QTL regions were identified, including 14 consistent QTLs mapped on 11 chromosomes and six pleiotropic QTLs mapped on 5 chromosomes. Three consistent QTLs in chromosomes 1A, 3B, and 6D might be novel. Three major QTLs with both consistent and pleiotropic effects were co-localized with known genes. The first QTL for dough mixing properties was physically clustered around Glu-D1 and had an phenotypic variation explained (PVE) up to 31.3%. The second QTL for kernel-related traits was physically close to the TaCWI-4A (cell wall invertase) gene, which influences the thousand kernel weight, heading date, and harvest index, with a PVE of up to 12.3%. The third QTL, which was colocalized with the TaCWI-5D gene for kernel traits, was identified with a PVE of 6.7%. Epistasis was also detected, but major QTLs were not involved in significant epistasis or interactions with environmental effects. The current study provided new information that is useful for enhanced wheat breeding, which will benefit from the deployment of the favorable alleles for end-use quality, yield, and other agronomic traits in wheat-breeding programs through marker-assisted selection.

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QTL Analysis of Yield and End-Use Quality Traits in Texas Hard Red Winter Wheat

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a major dryland crops in the Texas High Plains. Currently, drought and infestation by the sugarcane aphid (SCA, Melanaphis sacchari) are the two major challenges to grain sorghum production in the area. A 2-year field study was conducted to investigate the effect of planting date (PD) and hybrid selection on yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), and SCA infestation. Five sorghum hybrids (86P20, SP-31A15, AG1201, AG1203, and DKS37-07) were grown on two planting dates (PD1—early May; PD2—late June) under dryland conditions. Insecticides were not used. There were significant differences in grain yield, WUE, evapotranspiration (ET), and SCA population between two PDs and among hybrids. For PD1, SCA infestation occurred after sorghum reached physiological maturity in 2017. Although SCA infestation was observed during late grain filling in 2018, SCA populations were low and did not affect yield. For PD2, SCA was present before anthesis in both years and significantly affected grain yield. Even with heavy SCA infestation in PD2, the grain yield was higher in PD2 than in PD1 due to timely precipitation. Among hybrids, AG1203, 86P20 and DK37-07 performed better with higher yield and less SCA infestation in PD2. Grain yield was more related to seeds per plant than to kernel weight and harvest index.

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Qingwu Xue

Papers

Palmer amaranth control and grain sorghum injury with pyrasulfotole plus bromoxynil and tank mixtures

Effects of Date Palm Waste Compost Application on Root Proteome Changes of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Climate warming exacerbates plant disease through enhancing commensal interaction of co-infested insect vectors

QTL Analysis of Yield and End-Use Quality Traits in Texas Hard Red Winter Wheat

Planting Date and Hybrid Affect Sugarcane Aphid Infestation, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Grain Sorghum