A type III protein secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) has been found to be required for virulence and survival within macrophages. Here, SPI2 was shown to allow Salmonella typhimurium to avoid NADPH oxidase-dependent killing by macrophages. The ability of SPI2-mutant bacteria to survive in macrophages and to cause lethal infection in mice was restored by abrogation of the NADPH oxidase-dependent respiratory burst. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated efficient localization of the NADPH oxidase in the proximity of vacuoles containing SPI2-mutant but not wild-type bacteria, suggesting that SPI2 interferes with trafficking of oxidase-containing vesicles to the phagosome.

Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2—Dependent Evasion of the

The last edition of Tietz's Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry appeared more than ten years ago and survives as a dated but valuable reference. The successor to Fundamentals, Textbook of Clinical Chemistry , follows an outline similar to the original text but adds many new subjects and updates older topics. This has resulted in a text that is 50% larger than its predecessor. Much of the newer material centers on interpretation and understanding of data and its limitations. For example, more than 200 pages (compared with 50 pages) are dedicated to an introductory section entitled "Acquisition, Management, and Application of Laboratory Data," covering the use of reference ranges, statistics, quality assurance, method evaluation, and computers. The remaining introductory chapters discuss general procedures, instrumentation, and automation. Unfortunately, the chapter that discusses current automated instrumentation already has been outdated by equipment evolution and could have been incorporated into the chapter about general instrumentation principles.

Textbook of Clinical Chemistry

The survival rate, p , of a measured inoculum of Staph. aureus in a standard volume of denbrinated blood, is a reliable quantitative measure of the bactericidal power of blood. The number of viable organisms in the inoculum and in the blood-bacterium mixture may be estimated with the necessary accuracy by counts of colonies developing from measured volumes of the fluids let fall on to the surface of solid media. Fildes' agar was the most suitable medium for this surface-viable count, and was selected on the basis of four criteria; of the media tested it yielded the highest counts, and the counts conformed most closely to a Poisson series; and on it the mean colony size was maximum, and the coefficient of variation of colony size was minimum. On this medium, the close conformity of the separate count values to a Poisson series enabled the standard error of the survival rate to be determined from a simplification of the general expression for the standard error of a ratio. The number of colonies growing from a sample of a blood-bacterium mixture may be reduced, not by killing of the individual cocci, but as a result of their aggregation either by agglutinins in the blood, or in the cytoplasm of leucocytes that are phagocytic but not bactericidal. It appears that these mechanisms are unlikely to operate in blood-bacterium mixture containing relatively few organisms; in such mixtures the survival rate is a reflexion of the killing power only. The immunological significance of p has not been investigated, but the range of values for healthy human adults differs significantly from that for sufferers from chronic staphylococcal infection. Moreover, by the technique employed differences may be detected between individual values of p that cannot reasonably be attributed to technical or sampling errors.

The Estimation of the Bactericidal Power of the Blood. With a Note by J. O. IRWIN.

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Veterinary Reproduction And Obstetrics

The risk factors and impact of retained fetal membranes (RFM) on productive and reproductive performance of crossbred cattle, Zebu cattle, and Murrah buffalos were evaluated using data spread over 12 years. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors and to quantify their odds ratio (OR). Overall incidence of RFM in crossbred cattle, Zebu cattle, and Murrah buffalos were 26, 16, and 13 %, respectively; and significant risk factors for RFM in crossbred cattle were abortion (OR = 3.9), dead calf (OR = 4.1), dystocia (OR = 4.3), pluriparity (OR = 1.5), and shorter gestation length (OR = 4.3). In Zebu cattle, abortion (OR = 4.0), dead calf (OR = 3.7), dystocia (OR = 3.9), lower birth weight of calf (OR = 1.6), and shorter gestation length (OR = 6.4) were significant risk factors for RFM. In Murrah buffalos, abortion (OR = 19.2), dead calf (OR = 4.4), dystocia (OR = 4.7), pluriparity (OR = 1.7), shorter gestation length (OR = 12.7), and calving during summer season (OR = 1.8) were the risk factors for RFM. Although the occurrence of RFM did not affect fertility parameters, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in 305-day milk yield and total milk yield was observed in RFM-affected crossbred cattle. Taken together, it may be concluded that increased parity, abnormal calving, and short gestation length were the main risk factors for RFM in dairy bovine.

Risk factors and impact of retained fetal membranes on performance of dairy bovines reared under subtropical conditions

The study was conducted on 76 Friesian-Holstein cows suffered from RFM, that presented in Al- Fayha station out of 822 cows. The cows included in this study aged 3-7 years and calved 1-5 times. The cows were divided into four groups; the 1 st group (20 cows) treated with PGF 2� 22.5mg/ i.m., the 2 nd group (20 cows) treated with oxytocine 50 I.U/i.m. plus Estradiol Benzoate 4mg/ i.m., the 3 rd group (16 cows) treated by manual removal with antibiotic therapy (oxytetracyclin 20mg/kg/ B. W), the 4 th group (20 cows) received no treatment and serve as a control group. The results showed that the incidence of RFM was 9.2%. RFM were more likely to occur following; male calving, calf death, abortion and dystocia. The incidence of RFM was greatly affected by the age of animal, number of calving and season. The results of treatments showed that injection of PGF 2� was more effective in treatment of RFM in comparison with the other regimen of treatments that used in this study.

Retained fetal membranes in Friesian-Holstein cows and effect of some treatment methods

The current study aimed to explore the histopatholgical changes in intestine of rabbits experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium. A highly virulent isolate of S. typhimurium obtained from Department of internal and preventive medicine/ College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Baghdad were previously diagnosed and confirmed by PCR. Infective dose of bacteria was prepared and given to animals at a dose of 5×10 CFU. The experimental study was conducted on 25 local rabbits of both genders aged between 2-4 months old were adapted for two weeks before starting the experiment. These rabbits divided randomly into five Groups, each group contains 5 rabbits, as follows: Group 1: these were used as negative control Group 2: these were used as infected group which drenched 5 ml suspension which have (5×10 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium, Group 3: these were given a same dose of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with single dose of gentamicin alone at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs, Group 4: these were given a same dose of S. typhimurium then treated with a single dose of CaEDTA alone at 40mg/kg orally after presence of signs, Group 5: these were drenched with the same dose of S. typhimurium then treated with combination of single dose of gentamicin at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally and Ca-EDTA 40mg/kg orally after presence of signs. The presented results of post mortem showed a congestion of intestine and filled with watery diarrhea. The results of histopathological examination of intestine revealed presence of different changes as infiltration of PMNs, destruction of crypts,villus atrophy and mucosal and submucosal blood vessel congestion in G2, G3, G4 pre and post treatment at different times, while the histological architecture in the G5 appeared near to normal with mild PMNs hyperplasia in mucosa at 48 hrs., while, at 96h it showed normal histological appearance.

Study the pathological changes in the intestine of rabbits infected experimentally with Salmonella typhimurium.

This study aimed to evaluate the liver, kidney damage caused by S. typhimurium and to estimate the oxidative damage in association with this bacteria. A highly virulent isolates of S. typhimurium were obtained from the
 department of internal and preventive medicine/ College of Veterinary Medicine/ University of Baghdad. A twenty five local rabbits of both genders with age range (2-4 months) weeks old were used for this study, the rabbits were divided randomly into
 five groups each group contains 5 rabbits :- group 1: drenched orally with 5 ml of normal saline and consider as control group, group 2: were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium and regarded as
 infected group, group 3 were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which have (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of gentamicin alone at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post
 inoculation), group 4 were drenched (5 ml) suspension having (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of Ca-EDTA alone at 40mg/kg orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and group 5 were drenched
 (5 ml) suspension that contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of combined gentamicin at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and Ca-EDTA 40mg/kg after presence of
 signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation).The results of biochemical profile showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in ALT, creatinine and urea levels in infected group as compared with control group, while, the treated groups especially group
 5 showed a significant improvement in ALT, Urea and creatinine levels which returned to relative normal levels as compared with infected group after 96hrs. post treatment. Also, the results of oxidative stress showed a significant increase in the
 levels of MDA in G2, G3, G4 and G5 after 48 hrs. post treatment, while the level of GSH showed a significant decrease in the level at 48hrs., both were returned to relative normal levels after 96hrs.post treatment especially in group 5.In conclusion,
 S. typhimurium can causing liver and kidney damage which is manifested by increase ALT, Urea and Creatinine. Also, MDA and GSH is increased due to salmonellosis.

Liver, Kidney Function Tests and Oxidative Damage During and after Treatment of Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Experimental Local Rabbits

The study were undertaken on 16 Iraqi Awassi ewes, presented in the farm of college of veterinary medicine, Al- Fallujah University/ Fallujah, during the end of February to the half of the march, 2018. The age of the animals ranged between 2 to 4 years. All the ewes were examined by ultrasonography by specialist in order to be sure that the animals not pregnant with B- mode system. All the animals has been synchronized with vaginal sponges impregnated in 40 mg flurogestone acetate (intervet, B.V. Boxemeer, Holland). The animals were put in a standing position clipping and shaving of the left flank area then the site washed with antiseptic and disinfected with tincture iodine. The animals anesthetized locally using 2% xylocaine hydrochloride using 10 ml subcutaneously and intra muscular. left flank sharp dissection about 10-12 cm were made through the skin, muscle and peritoneum. Exteriorization of the uterus and ovaries were done to detect the pregnancy through a symmetry of uterine horns and the enlargement of pregnant horn or to detect the numbers of follicles and corpora lutea after that the peritoneum and the muscles were sutured with catgut no.1 with lock stich pattern. The skin was sutured with silk no.1 using horizontal mattress interrupted pattern. Systemic long acting tetracycline were applied I.M (200 mg/ ml: 100mg/kg B.W) for one day and another for 3 injection. Local antibiotic spray was applied to treat the surgical wounds for 7 days. The suture materials of the skin were removed after 7 days of the operation. The animals were examined daily for general health condition (temperature, heart rate, pulse rate, appetite). The wound also examined for presence of swelling, hematoma, pus or infection or hernia Positive results were considered when the animal in a good general health condition and the wound showed normal healing without presence of swelling, hematoma, pus or infection or hernia. This technique is simple, easily done, save time and cost as well as reduce the surgical trauma with few suture materials. The study was the first of its kind all over the world in exteriorization of genital organs in standing position in ewes.

https://www.anbarjvs.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3.pdf

Exteriorization of genital system of Awassi ewes with laparotomy in standing position

         The objective of this study was to evaluate the PAG and P4 profiles in pregnant and non-pregnant does using Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Additionally, the study aimed to compare the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and accuracy (Acc) of pregnancy diagnosis using PAG and P4 detection in serum samples. Twenty does were synchronized using P4 sponge+eCG for 12 days, followed by breeding after estrus. Blood samples were collected at different experimental periods (22, 30, 40, and 60 days post-mating) and analyzed using EIA and ELISA. The lambing and Ultrasonographic examination on day 60 were used as a golden standard for pregnancy evaluation. The results demonstrated that both PAG and P4 mean concentrations significantly increased in pregnant does compared to non-pregnant does in all experimental periods. When comparing the efficiency of each method for pregnancy prediction, the PAG assay method showed a sensitivity (Se) similar to P4 (85%) at day 22 post-mating, but reached 100% at day 30 for PAG and day 40 for P4. Additionally, the accuracy (Acc) of the PAG analysis method was higher than P4 at day 22 (80% vs. 75%) and day 30 (95% vs. 85%), and reached 100% on day 40. In contrast, the Acc of the P4 assay for pregnancy diagnosis was 95% at days 40 and 60. The specificity (Sp) was lower in both methods, but the diagnosis using the PAG assay was better than P4 on all days, reaching its optimal value on day 40, while reach to 83% for P4 assay method on day 40 and 60 PM. The present study concluded that both PAG and P4 analyses were specific and reliable methods for pregnancy determination in does starting from day 22 onward, but the PAG assay was more accurate than the P4 assay.

https://jam.utq.edu.iq/index.php/main/article/download/252/267

Qusay Mohammed Aboud

Papers

Retained fetal membranes in Friesian-Holstein cows and effect of some treatment methods

Study the pathological changes in the intestine of rabbits infected experimentally with Salmonella typhimurium.

Liver, Kidney Function Tests and Oxidative Damage During and after Treatment of Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Experimental Local Rabbits

Exteriorization of genital system of Awassi ewes with laparotomy in standing position

Evaluate the effectiveness of Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein and Progesterone in predicting the gestational status in Goats