Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present in the influent water. This review considers the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent advances in membrane technology, module configurations, and the applications and economics of membrane distillation, and identifies areas that may lead to technological improvements in membrane distillation as well as the application characteristics required for commercial deployment.

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Advances in Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination and Purification Applications

Water plays an important role in all our day to day activities and its consumption is increasing day by day because of increased living standards of mankind. Some regions of the globe are under severe stress due to water scarcity and pollution. The fresh water needs of mankind can be only satisfied if saline water which is available in plenty is converted to potable water by desalination. Desalination industry has shown increased threats of CO2 emissions and severe environmental impacts. Desalination industry can be made sustainable if they are integrated with renewable energy and if proper brine disposal methods are followed. In this review different desalination units integrated with renewable energy with special emphasis given to solar energy is discussed. The problems associated with desalination units and their remedies have been presented. Apart from this some novel methods of desalination process has also been explained. This review will allow the researchers to choose appropriate desalination technology for further development.

A review of solar energy driven desalination technologies

Seawater desalination is an important process to meet the increasing demand for fresh water demand; however, it is highly energy intensive due to the high salinity of the source. Studies on using solar energy to drive seawater desalination are very actively being pursued. This paper reviews the current solar desalination research activities first, followed by discussions of solar assisted desalination processes and a variety of possible combinations. Solar assisted desalination has been proved technically feasible; however the combined solar and fossil fuel desalination, and desalination using low grade waste heat could be more cost effective at this time. Though solar assisted desalination processes have not been commercialized as yet, with the current ongoing research, they remain a valid option for future desalination plants.

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Solar assisted sea water desalination: A review

Solar powered desalination has been the focus of great interest recently worldwide. In the past, majority of the experimental investigations focused on solar coupled thermally driven conventional desalination technologies such as Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED). With the advancement in membrane technology and its advantages such as high Recovery Ratios (RR) and low specific energy requirements Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination has gained popularity. Currently, 52% of the indirect solar desalination plants are RO based with MED and MSF having a 13% and 9% share respectively. Membrane Distillation (MD) based plants represent 16% of the total and have been a focus of recent research efforts. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of all the indirect solar desalination technologies along with plant specific technical details. Efforts assessing the economic feasibility and cost affecting parameters for each desalination technology are also reviewed.

A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination

Solar desalination by membrane distillation: Dispersion in energy consumption analysis and water production costs (a review)

Cost-effectiveness of solar water production

Energy and power management in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait

Experiences with solar cooling systems in Kuwait

This paper describes a solar absorption cooling system and its performance for an office building having an occupancy of 7 h per day. The absorption system of 40 RT cooling capacity (installed) uses 300 m 2 of flat plate collector area and an oil-fired supplementary thermal energy source. The system produces > 10 000 kWh cooling per month. Considering the parasitic electric energy needs and the electrical energy equivalent of make-up water consumed in the energy rejection subsystem, the solar cooling installation saves 25–40% per day of electrical energy when compared to an equivalent cooling capacity conventional cooling system.

Performance results of solar absorption cooling installation

Resume La consommation d'electricite d'un refroidisseur d'eau a compression de vapeur est comparee a celle d'un groupe frigorifique a absorption a energie solaire de la meme puissance frigorifique Les calculs tiennent compte non seulement des besoins electriques des divers types de compresseurs frigorifiques et de la pompe pour la solution mais aussi de ceux des pompes a eau froide et a eau de refroidissement, ainsi que du ventilateur de la tour de refroidissement Le COP moins eleve du groupe a absorption exige une plus forte circulation d'eau de refroidissement et utilise donc plus d'electricite pour les equipments annexes Le point d'equilibre est celui auquel les besoins electriques globaux des deux systemes sont les memes Le systeme a eau-bromure de lithium aenergie solaire, d'apres les renseignements disponibles concernant la performance d'un systeme commercial, n'est seduisant que lorsque la temperature du generateur est elevee et, meme ainsi, les avantages ne sont generalement pas grands

R.K. Suri

Papers

Cost-effectiveness of solar water production

Energy and power management in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait

Experiences with solar cooling systems in Kuwait

Performance results of solar absorption cooling installation

Solar absorption cooling effect on operational parameters on power saving