The instructor's manual to a work which introduces the fundamental principles of meteorology, explaining storm dynamics and the dynamics of climate and its global implications.

An introduction to dynamic meteorology

/pdf/an-introduction-to-dynamic-meteorology-2tbob2s77z.pdf

The sections in this article are


1
Radiometers

2
Radar Scattering

3
Radar Scatterometers

4
Radar Altimeters

5
Ground-Penetrating Radars

6
Imaging Radars

7
Real-Aperture Radars

8
Synthetic-Aperture Radars

Microwave Remote Sensing

To provide theoretical basis for the connection between observed radar scattering and wind-generated waves, a model for the response of surface waves in the gravity-capillary equilibrium region of the spectrum is proposed on the basis of a local (in wavenumber) balance between wind input and dissipation. The wind input function was constructed on the basis of laboratory observations of short-wave growth, while the dissipation function was developed from ideas of viscous dissipation and wave breaking in response to local accelerations and modified by kinematic effects of phase and group velocity differences. The model was exercised at L, C, X, and Ka bands to demonstrate the differences in wind speed and water temperature sensitivity.

Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind‐generated waves with application to scatterometry

https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/g732db647

Air–sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies

Roll vortices may be loosely defined as quasi two-dimensional organized large eddies with their horizontal axis extending through the whole planetary boundary layer (PBL). Their indirect manifestation is most obvious in so-called cloud streets as can be seen in numerous satellite pictures. Although this phenomenon has been known for more than twenty years and has been treated in a review by one of us (R.A.Brown) in 1980, there has been a recent resurgence in interest and information. The interest in ocena/land-atmosphere interactions in the context of climate modeling has led to detailed observational and modeling efforts on this problem. The presence of rolls can have a large impact on flux modelling in the PBL. Hence, we shall review recent advances in our understanding of organized large eddies in the PBL and on their role in vertical transport of momentum, heat, moisture and chemical trace substances within the lowest part of the atmosphere.

Roll vortices in the planetary boundary layer: A review

Within the past decade, satellite pictures have shown persistent cloud patterns which indicate that the flow in the atmospheric planetary boundary layer is often organized into helical secondary circulations aligned parallel to the mean flow. Theory and observation agree that both convection in the presence of shear and the dynamic inflection point instabilities of the Ekman layer lead to these flow patterns. The observations and theory are reviewed with emphasis on the dynamics-dominated flow.

Longitudinal instabilities and secondary flows in the planetary boundary layer: A review

A description is given of the algorithm used to convert Seasat-A satellite microwave scatterometer measurements of ocean normalized radar cross section to the neutral stability vector wind at 19.5 m height, as well as to compare these winds with high-quality surface observations. The wind vector algorithm used an empirical normalized radar cross section model function to describe the ocean normalized radar cross section's dependence on the 19.5-m neutral stability wind vector. In addition, two model functions were evaluated by means of an independent set of in situ surface wind observations from the Joint Air Sea Interaction experiment (JASIN). Better results were produced by these comparisons than the stipulated Seasat wind speed and direction accuracy specifications of + or - 2 m/sec and + or - 20 deg, respectively, over the 0-16 m/sec range of winds observed during JASIN.

The Seasat-A satellite scatterometer - The geophysical evaluation of remotely sensed wind vectors over the ocean

The equations of motion for a neutrally buoyant fluid are solved to produce an equilibrium flow consisting of a modified Ekman spiral mean flow plus a helical secondary flow. By considering the secondary flow to be a finite perturbation on a mean large-scale flow, approximate equations are obtained for the secondary flow and the modified mean flow an functions of the large-scale parameters. When the energetics of this system are considered, an equilibrium magnitude for the secondary flow can be obtained. The finite perturbations are assumed to preserve the structure of the infinitesimal perturbation solutions for the dynamic instability of the Ekman boundary layer. In particular, helical rolls occur as finite perturbation solutions. These finite disturbances are found to alter the mean Ekman velocity profile such that it becomes stable. The rolls, with characteristic depths of 5–7 times the Ekman characteristic length and corresponding wavelengths of 4π times this parameter, may be frequent occur...

A Secondary Flow Model for the Planetary Boundary Layer

The deployment of a space-based Doppler lidar would provide information that is fundamental to advancing the understanding and prediction of weather and climate. This paper reviews the concepts of wind measurement by Doppler lidar, highlights the results of some observing system simulation experiments with lidar winds, and discusses the important advances in earth system science anticipated with lidar winds. Observing system simulation experiments, conducted using two different general circulation models, have shown (1) that there is a significant improvement in the forecast accuracy over the Southern Hemisphere and tropical oceans resulting from the assimilation of simulated satellite wind data, and (2) that wind data are significantly more effective than temperature or moisture data in controlling analysis error. Because accurate wind observations are currently almost entirely unavailable for the vast majority of tropical cyclones worldwide, lidar winds have the potential to substan- tially improve tropical cyclone forecasts. Similarly, to improve water vapor flux divergence calculations, a direct measure of the ageostrophic wind is needed since the present level of uncer- tainty cannot be reduced with better temperature and moisture soundings alone.

Robert A. Brown

Papers

Roll vortices in the planetary boundary layer: A review

Longitudinal instabilities and secondary flows in the planetary boundary layer: A review

The Seasat-A satellite scatterometer - The geophysical evaluation of remotely sensed wind vectors over the ocean

A Secondary Flow Model for the Planetary Boundary Layer

Lidar-measured winds from space: A key component for weather and climate prediction