This report updates the 2002 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2002;51 [No. RR-3]:1-31). The 2003 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) the timing of influenza vaccination by age and risk group; 2) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 3) the 2003-2004 trivalent inactivated vaccine virus strains: A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like, and B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like antigens (for the A/Moscow/10/99 [H3N2]-like antigen, manufacturers will use the antigenically equivalent A/Panama/2007/99 [H3N2] virus, and for the B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like antigen, manufacturers will use either B/Hong Kong/330/2001 or the antigenically equivalent B/Hong Kong/1434/2002); 4) availability of certain influenza vaccine doses with reduced thimerosal content, including single 0.25 mL-dose syringes; and 5) manufacturers of influenza vaccine for the U.S. market. Although the optimal time to vaccinate against influenza is October and November, vaccination in December and later continues to be strongly recommended A link to this report and other information regarding influenza can be accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/fluvirus.htm.

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6625/cdc_6625_DS1.pdf

Prevention and control of influenza : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

SUMMARY The availability of an increasing number of antiretroviral agents and the rapid evolution of new information has introduced extraordinary complexity into the treatment of HIV-infected persons. In 1996, the Department of Health and Human Services and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation convened the Panel on Clinical Practices for the Treatment of HIV to develop guidelines for the clinical management of HIV-infected adults and adolescents. This report recommends that care should be supervised by an expert, and makes recommendations for laboratory monitoring including plasma HIV RNA, CD4 cell counts and HIV drug resistance testing. The report also provides guidelines for antiretroviral therapy, including when to start treatment, what drugs to initiate, when to change therapy, and therapeutic options when changing therapy. Special considerations are provided for adolescents and pregnant women. As with treatment of other chronic conditions, therapeutic decisions require a mutual understanding between the patient and the health care provider regarding the benefits and risks of treatment. Antiretroviral regimens are complex, have major side effects, pose difficulty with adherence, and carry serious potential consequences from the development of viral resistance due to non-adherence to the drug regimen or suboptimal levels of antiretroviral agents. Patient education and involvement in therapeutic

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-use-of-antiretroviral-agents-in-hiv-3wuv1pwax4.pdf

Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents

The study subjects were followed for 3324 person-years (median, 1.2 years; maximum, 2.8 years). Of these subjects, 10 were found to have been infected with HIV at en rollment, and 100 became infected during follow-up (36 in the FTC–TDF group and 64 in the placebo group), indicating a 44% reduction in the incidence of HIV (95% confidence interval, 15 to 63; P = 0.005). In the FTC–TDF group, the study drug was detected in 22 of 43 of seronegative subjects (51%) and in 3 of 34 HIV-infected subjects (9%) (P<0.001). Nausea was reported more frequently during the first 4 weeks in the FTC–TDF group than in the placebo group (P<0.001). The two groups had similar rates of serious adverse events (P = 0.57). Conclusions Oral FTC–TDF provided protection against the acquisition of HIV infection among the subjects. Detectable blood levels strongly correlated with the prophylactic effect. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foun dation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00458393.)

/pdf/preexposure-chemoprophylaxis-for-hiv-prevention-in-men-who-2umcnj2j8w.pdf

Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men

By Matthew James Keelingand Pejman RohaniPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press,2008.408 pp., Illustrated. $65.00 (hardcover).Mathematical modeling of infectious dis-eases has progressed dramatically over thepast 3 decades and continues to ﬂourishat the nexus of mathematics, epidemiol-ogy, and infectious diseases research. Nowrecognized as a valuable tool, mathemat-ical models are being integrated into thepublic health decision-making processmore than ever before. However, despiterapid advancements in this area, a formaltraining program for mathematical mod-eling is lacking, and there are very fewbooks suitable for a broad readership. Tosupport this bridging science, a commonlanguage that is understood in all con-tributing disciplines is required.

Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals

These recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing are intended for all health-care providers in the public and private sectors, including those working in hospital emergency departments, urgent care clinics, inpatient services, substance abuse treatment clinics, public health clinics, community clinics, correctional health-care facilities, and primary care settings. The recommendations address HIV testing in health-care settings only. They do not modify existing guidelines concerning HIV counseling, testing, and referral for persons at high risk for HIV who seek or receive HIV testing in nonclinical settings (e.g., community-based organizations, outreach settings, or mobile vans). The objectives of these recommendations are to increase HIV screening of patients, including pregnant women, in health-care settings; foster earlier detection of HIV infection; identify and counsel persons with unrecognized HIV infection and link them to clinical and prevention services; and further reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. These revised recommendations update previous recommendations for HIV testing in health-care settings and for screening of pregnant women (CDC. Recommendations for HIV testing services for inpatients and outpatients in acute-care hospital settings. MMWR 1993;42[No. RR-2]:1-10; CDC. Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral. MMWR 2001;50[No. RR-19]:1-62; and CDC. Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR 2001;50[No. RR-19]:63-85). Major revisions from previously published guidelines are as follows: For patients in all health-care settings HIV screening is recommended for patients in all health-care settings after the patient is notified that testing will be performed unless the patient declines (opt-out screening). Persons at high risk for HIV infection should be screened for HIV at least annually. Separate written consent for HIV testing should not be required; general consent for medical care should be considered sufficient to encompass consent for HIV testing. Prevention counseling should not be required with HIV diagnostic testing or as part of HIV screening programs in health-care settings. For pregnant women HIV screening should be included in the routine panel of prenatal screening tests for all pregnant women. HIV screening is recommended after the patient is notified that testing will be performed unless the patient declines (opt-out screening). Separate written consent for HIV testing should not be required; general consent for medical care should be considered sufficient to encompass consent for HIV testing. Repeat screening in the third trimester is recommended in certain jurisdictions with elevated rates of HIV infection among pregnant women.

/pdf/revised-recommendations-for-hiv-testing-of-adults-2nmotmgow6.pdf

Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings

This is a new edition of von Campenhausen's important study, published in 1936; it differs from its predecessor only in the addition of further references which serve to confirm the original statements, although a sentence on p. 168 which referred to the development of ideas has been dropped. The author states that had he revised more thoroughly he would have given the Martyrdom of Polycarp a fresh treatment (necessitated by his study published in Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschajten, Philos.-hist. Kl., 1957, no. 3) , but he claims that the book remains at least a kind of source-book in which early Christian statements made from theological viewpoints are arranged historically (preface to the new edition). This modest claim is far more than justified by the contents. This is the best book in existence on the impulses which empowered the early martyrs. Its author's sober judgments never fail to clarify the life and thought of men like Paul, Ignatius, Polycarp, Origen, Tertullian, and Cyprian, and of the whole Church as it faced this crucial problem. He argues that the word martys, originally \"witness,\" came to mean \"martyr\" in the book of Revelation but was only gradually so used in wider circles (not by Ignatius, for example); and his argument is :onfirmed by the evidence.

Verus Israel. Étude sur les relations entre chrétiens et juifs dans l'empire romain (135–425) . By Marcel Simon. Paris: Editions E. de Boccard, 1964. Pp. 518.

philosophical language. He wrote On the Subjection of the Senses to Faith, On the Unity of Soul and Body, 1 On Truth, On Faith, On Hospitality, and On the Corporeal God (Eusebius, I. E. iv. 26. 2). Some of these topics may take their texts from the epistle to the Hebrews (5.14 on the exercise of the senses, 13. 2 on hospitality, 12.29 God a fire). The first and the last, however, reflect contemporary Stoic thought, according to which the senses served the principal part of the soul, where tad-rtg, a "firm comprehension", took place (SVF III 548; cf. II 823-62), and according to which God was corporeal (SVF II 1028-48). In the StoicJewish IV Maccabees 2.22, it is the mind which controls the senses. 2

Melito of Sardis On Baptism

Letter to the Editor: Revisiting the Pharmacological Forgiveness of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.

Few religious groups of which so little was really known have had so much written about them as did the Essenes before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The only ancient information came from a few references in Philo, Josephus, and Pliny the Elder; but these references were exploited for pictures of the origins of Masonry, Christianity, and monasticism, and for a novel picture of Judaism under foreign influence. New Testament exegesis sometimes benefited from Essene explanations.

The Monks of Qumran as depicted in the Dead Sea Scrolls with translations in English . By Edmund F. Sutcliffe, S. J. Westminster, Md.: Newman, 1960. xvi, 272 pp. $5.50.

Association of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses to infection risk in seronegative individuals is controversial. We quantified and phenotypically characterized gp120-specific T-cell responses in HIV-1 exposed, but uninfected subjects enrolled in the global Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) chemoprophylaxis trial. IFNγ ELISpot responses were detected in 24% of subjects irrespective of infection outcome. HIV-1 gp120 envelope-specific T-cell responses were more uniformly IFN-γ+TNF-α+Mip-1β+ in persistently seronegative subjects relative to subjects who later seroconverted (median frequency of 76.5% and 66.5%, respectively). IFNγ responses targeted the V2 loop for subjects who remained seronegative. HIV-1 gp120 envelope V2 loop-specific CD8 T-cell responses may help to protect against HIV-1 acquisition.

/pdf/brief-report-hiv-1-gp120-t-cell-responses-correspond-to-4zv62se3d0.pdf

Robert M. Grant

Papers

Verus Israel. Étude sur les relations entre chrétiens et juifs dans l'empire romain (135–425) . By Marcel Simon. Paris: Editions E. de Boccard, 1964. Pp. 518.

Melito of Sardis On Baptism

Letter to the Editor: Revisiting the Pharmacological Forgiveness of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.

The Monks of Qumran as depicted in the Dead Sea Scrolls with translations in English . By Edmund F. Sutcliffe, S. J. Westminster, Md.: Newman, 1960. xvi, 272 pp. $5.50.

Brief Report: HIV-1 gp120 T-Cell Responses Correspond to Infection Outcomes in the Global iPrEx Chemoprophylaxis Trial.