This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

BRUNO LATOUR, The pasteurization of France, trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law, Cambridge, Mass., and London, Harvard University Press, 1988, 8vo, pp. 273, £23.95. GEORGES CANGUILHEM, Ideology and rationality in the history of the life sciences, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge, Mass., and London, The MIT Press, 1988, 8vo, pp. xi, 160, £17.95. Bruno Latour has written a wonderfully funny book about himself. It is difficult, however, to summarize a text committed to the view that \"Nothing is, by itself, either reducible or irreducible to anything else\", (p. 158). In Latour's opinion, the common view that sociologists of knowledge and scientists are opposed is incorrect. Both groups, according to Latour, are the authors of identical mistakes: reductionism and, relatedly, attempting to conjoin (in the instance of the sociologist) science and society, or (in the instance of the scientist) keeping them apart. For Latour, there are only forces or resistances which different groups encounter and attempt to conquer by forming alliances. These groups, however, are not simply the actors of conventional sociology. They include, for example, microbes, the discovery of the Pasteurians, with which they have populated our world and which we must now take notice of in any encounter or war in which we engage. War is a fundamental metaphor for Latour, since in a war or a battle clashes of armies are later called the \"victory\" of a Napoleon or a Kutuzov. Likewise, he argues, the Pasteurization of France can be viewed as a battle, with its field and its myriad contestants, in which opposing sides attempted to mould and coerce various forces of resistance. Strangely, he points out, the outcome of this huge battle, the labour and struggle of these masses, we attribute to the scientific genius of Pasteur. Pasteur's genius, however, says Latour, lay not in science (for this could be yet another way of making science and society distinct) but as strategist. Pasteur was able to cross disciplinary lines, recruiting allies to laboratory science by persuading them that they were recruiting him. This was possible because, like the armies in battle, they had already done the work of the general. Thus Pasteur's microbiology, which might conventionally be seen as a whole new science, can also be construed as a brilliant reformulation of all that preceded it and made it possible. Hygienists seized on the work of the Pasteurians and the two rapidly became powerful allies because \"The time that they [the hygienists] had made was now working for them\" (p. 52). French physicians, on the other hand, resisted recruitment, since for them it meant enslavement. Finally, however, they recruited the Pasteurians to their enterprise. Pasteurian public health was turned into a triumph of medicine. It is impossible to read this book and not substitute Latour for Pasteur. At the head of his own army, increasingly enlarged by the recruitment of allies, Latour now presents us, in his own language, with something we have made, or at least made possible. The cynic might say, using the old jibe against sociologists, that Latour has explained to us in his own language everything we knew anyway. Retorting thus, however, would be to unselfconsciously make an ally of Latour and miss the point by a narrow margin that might as well be a million miles. Latour says all this much more clearly (and certainly more wittily) than any review. Read it, but beware; in spite of Latour's strictures about irreducibility, the text is not what it seems. This is a recruitment brochure: Bruno needs you. Among the many historians whom Latour convicts by quotation of mistaking the general for the army, Pasteur for all the forces at work in French society, is Georges Canguilhem. Latour uses two quotes from Canguilhem, both taken from the original French version of Ideology and rationality in the life sciences, first published in 1977. Reading Canguilhem after Latour induces a feeling akin to culture shock. Astonishingly, Canguilhem seems almost Anglo-American. Anyone familiar with Canguilhem's epistemological universe would hardly be surprised to discover that Latour finds in it perspectives different from his own. After all, Canguilhem remains committed to the epistemologically distinct entity science or, better still, sciences. Likewise he employs distinctions between science and ideology, as in Spencerian ideology and Darwinian science, which will seem familiar, possibly jaded to English-reading eyes. His text is liberally seeded with unLatourian expressions, including injunctions to distinguish \"between ideology and science\" (p. 39), lamentations that eighteenth-century medicine \"squandered its energy in the erection of systems\" (p. 53), rejoicing that physiology \"liberated itself' from classical anatomy (p. 54), and regret that \"Stahl's influence ... seriously impeded experimental

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Bruno Latour, The pasteurization of France , trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law, Cambridge, Mass., and London, Harvard University Press, 1988, 8vo, pp. 273, £23.95. - Georges Canguilhem, Ideology and rationality in the history of the life sciences , trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge, Mass., and London, The MIT Press, 1988, 8vo, pp. xi, 160, £17.95.

Historians and social scientists analyzing the contemporary world unfortunately have too little contact and hence miss some of the ways that their interests overlap and the research of one field might benefit another. I am, therefore, extremely grateful that the Journal of Consumer Research has invited me to share with its readers an overview of my recent research on the political and social impact of the flourishing of mass consumption on twentieth-century America. What follows is a summary of my major arguments, enough to entice you, I hope, to read A Consumers' Republic (Cohen 2003), in which I elaborate on these themes. Although this essay is by necessity schematic, the book itself is filled with extensive historical evidence and is heavily illustrated with period images. In tracing the growing importance of mass consumption to the American economy, polity, culture, and social landscape from the 1920s to the present, I in many ways establish the historical context for your research into contemporary consumer behavior and markets. I hope you will …

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A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America

Part 1 1 Introducing Alternative Food Networks, Fair Trade Circuits and The Politics Of Food 2 Coming Home To Eat? Reflexive Localism and Just Food 3 Bridging Production and Consumption: Alternative Food Networks as Shared Knowledge Practice Part 2: Alternative Food Provisioning In Britain And Western Europe: Introduction And Antecedents 4 Rural Europe Redux? The New Territoriality and Rural Development 5 Into the Mainstream: The Politics Of Quality 6 Changing Paradigms? Food Security Debates and Grassroots Food Re-Localization Movements in Britain and Western Europe Part 3: Alternative Food Movements In The US: Formative Years, Mainstreaming, Civic Governance And Knowing Sustainability 7 Broken Promises? US Alternative Food Movements, Origins and Debates 8 Resisting Mainstreaming, Maintaining Alterity 9 Sustainable Agriculture as Knowing and Growing Part 4: Globalizing Alternative Food Movements: The Cultural Material Politics of Fair Trade 10 The Shifting Cultural Politics of Fair Trade: From Transparent to Virtual Livelihoods 11 The Price and Practices of Quality: The Shifting Materialities of Fair Trade Networks 12 The Practices and Politics of a Globalized AFN: Whither the Possibilities and Problematics of Fair Trade? 13 Concluding Thoughts

Alternative Food Networks: Knowledge, Practice, and Politics

H and social scientists analyzing the contemporary world unfortunately have too little contact and hence miss some of the ways that their interests overlap and the research of one field might benefit another. I am, therefore, extremely grateful that the Journal of Consumer Research has invited me to share with its readers an overview of my recent research on the political and social impact of the flourishing of mass consumption on twentieth-century America. What follows is a summary of my major arguments, enough to entice you, I hope, to read A Consumers’ Republic (Cohen 2003), in which I elaborate on these themes. Although this essay is by necessity schematic, the book itself is filled with extensive historical evidence and is heavily illustrated with period images. In tracing the growing importance of mass consumption to the American economy, polity, culture, and social landscape from the 1920s to the present, I in many ways establish the historical context for your research into contemporary consumer behavior and markets. I hope you will discover illuminating and fruitful connections between your work and my own. The United States came out of World War II deeply determined to prolong and enhance the economic recovery brought on by the war, lest the crippling depression of the 1930s return. Ensuring a prosperous peacetime would require making new kinds of products and selling them to different kinds of markets. Although military production would persist, and expand greatly with the cold war, its critical partner in delivering prosperity was the mass con-

Produire, echanger et consommer autrement ! Tel pourrait etre le slogan du commerce equitable, de l’agriculture biologique ou des circuits courts de proximite, que la recherche nomme les "systemes alimentaires alternatifs". Dans la pratique qu’en est-il ? Ne voit-on pas plutot se developper des formes d’industrialisation de l’agriculture biologique ? Que penser de l’introduction de produits locaux ou equitables dans les offres des multinationales de l’agroalimentaire et de la distribution ? Les chercheurs ne devraient-ils pas ecarter le terme "d’alternative" qui oppose de maniere binaire les initiatives alternatives et les conventionnelles ? 
Issu d’un cheminement de recherche d’une quinzaine d’annees, cet ouvrage apporte des reponses precises et etayees a ces interrogations. En s’appuyant sur la sociologie des agencements marchands issue de la theorie de l’acteur-reseau et sur la sociologie de l’action organisee de Reynaud ou Friedberg,l’auteur definit un cadre d’analyse permettant de rendre compte des projets qui inspirent les systemes alimentaires alternatifs et des activites de regulation qui leur donnent vie. A travers de nombreuses etudes de cas, issues d’enquetes de terrain menees sur le commerce equitable et les circuits courts de proximite, il donne a voir la « promesse de difference » motrice de ces demarches, les reorganisations engagees pour la mettre en action, et le caractere inegalement transformateur des agencements etablis.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01479531/document

Sociologie des systèmes alimentaires alternatifs : une promesse de différence

This article argues for including the projective dimension of agency in research into alternative food networks. Starting from a review of the literature, I show that referring to the notion of project is useful to answer the questions raised by the use of the term "alternative" and to reinforce analyses of hybridisation and conventionalisation processes. I argue that alternative food networks are characterised by a "promise of difference" in the projects of the actors who promote them. To clarify this notion of project, I rely on the work of French sociologists concerning the creation of "organised action". I posit that taking account of the project amounts to recognising human beings' abilities to imagine and to construct new collectives such as those that are studied in research into alternative food networks. I also underscore the need to envision the project not as a clear determinant of action, but rather as a fuzzy landmark, meaning that negotiation and arbitration are required to set the rules involved in its implementation.

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Allowing for the Projective Dimension of Agency in Analysing Alternative Food Networks

Dans cet article, nous etudions les pratiques de vente d’une entreprise francaise d’agrofourniture dont les produits ont des caracteristiques incertaines et des effets contestes. Nous montrons que cette specificite conduit les technico-commerciaux, charges de la commercialisation de ces produits, a developper une argumentation faisant une large place a une rhetorique de detachement des clients vis-a-vis de la concurrence. Face a la difficile objectivation des qualites intrinseques des produits, nous montrons egalement que les attachements se construisent autour d’une solution globale, incluant en particulier un service de conseil aux agriculteurs. D’une facon plus generale, ce commerce de produits incertains invite, dans l’analyse du travail marchand, a penser les procedes d’attachement et de detachement de maniere symetrique.

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00856222/document

Comment vendre un produit incertain ? Activités de détachement et d’attachement d’une firme d’agrofourniture

Cet article revient sur la reception du travail de Karl Polanyi par plusieurs chercheurs importants de la nouvelle sociologie economique. Il montre que Polanyi a fait l’objet de deux types de critiques ayant en commun de contester la possibilite du desencastrement. Ces critiques sont discutables, et il est possible de donner une explication des malentendus lies a cette question en distinguant deux notions complementaires d’encastrement, la premiere insistant sur les conditions sociales a partir desquelles les echanges marchands sont necessairement construits et la seconde decrivant les degres variables de differenciation des economies.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00452124/document

Le problème du désencastrement

Nous presentons d'abord les travaux de la "Nouvelle sociologie economique" et decrivons la riche theorie de l'action que permet une approche en terme d'encastrement. Dans cette optique, le marche en tant que realite identifiable disparait pour etre remplace par des echanges marchands varies, socialement et localement construits. Nous montrons ensuite que la "Nouvelle sociologie economique" gagnerait a mieux considerer le poids des contraintes economiques liees a la participation a l'ordre marchand. Pour demontrer cette insuffisance, nous nous appuyons sur une enquete de terrain portant sur les deux organisations francaises majeures du commerce equitable, Artisans du Monde (importation, boutiques et promotion) et Max Havelaar (labellisation et promotion). Nous decrivons la facon dont les promoteurs du commerce equitable pensent, construisent et mettent en scene leur commerce « pas comme les autres ». Puis, nous montrons comment ces agents percoivent et repondent aux obligations economiques liees a leur participation au systeme capitaliste. La construction d'une filiere integree en remplacement des importations directes des boutiques, puis la creation d'une filiere labellisee afin d'augmenter encore les debouches, se font au prix de renoncements douloureux. La prediction weberienne de l'impersonnalisation et de la difficile rationalisation materielle des activites economiques, des lors qu'elles participent au capitalisme, se verifie sur ce marche particulier

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452446/document

Ronan Le Velly

Papers

Sociologie des systèmes alimentaires alternatifs : une promesse de différence

Allowing for the Projective Dimension of Agency in Analysing Alternative Food Networks

Comment vendre un produit incertain ? Activités de détachement et d’attachement d’une firme d’agrofourniture

Le problème du désencastrement

Sociologie du marché. Le commerce équitable : des échanges marchands contre le marché et dans le marché