Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution. The development of new materials for Li-ion batteries is the focus of research in prominent groups in the field of materials science throughout the world. Li-ion batteries can be considered to be the most impressive success story of modern electrochemistry in the last two decades. They power most of today's portable devices, and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale for more demanding applications, such as EV. Since this field is advancing rapidly and attracting an increasing number of researchers, it is important to provide current and timely updates of this constantly changing technology. In this review, we describe the key aspects of Li-ion batteries: the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solutions, as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use, such as EV and load-leveling applications.

Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: a review

Multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, which simultaneously exhibit ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, have recently stimulated a sharply increasing number of research activities for their scientific interest and significant technological promise in the novel multifunctional devices. Natural multiferroic single-phase compounds are rare, and their magnetoelectric responses are either relatively weak or occurs at temperatures too low for practical applications. In contrast, multiferroic composites, which incorporate both ferroelectric and ferri-/ferromagnetic phases, typically yield giant magnetoelectric coupling response above room temperature, which makes them ready for technological applications. This review of mostly recent activities begins with a brief summary of the historical perspective of the multiferroic magnetoelectric composites since its appearance in 1972. In such composites the magnetoelectric effect is generated as a product property of a magnetostrictive and a piezoelectric substance. A...

Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions

비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Ferromagnetic materials

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

In the present work we have optimized the process parameters to yield homogeneous, smooth ruthenium oxide (RuO2) thin films on silicon substrates by a solution deposition technique using RuCl3.×.H2O as the precursor material. Films were annealed in a temperature range of 300°C to 700°C, and it was found that RuO2 crystallizes at a temperature as low as 400°C. The crystallinity of the films improves with increased annealing temperature and the resistivity decreases from 4.86µΩ-m (films annealed at 400°C) to 2.94pµΩ (films annealed at 700°C). Ageing of the precursor solution has a pronounced effect on the measured resistivities of RuO2 thin films. It was found that the measured room temperature resistivities increases from 2.94µΩ-m to 45.7µΩ-m when the precursor sol is aged for aged 60 days. AFM analysis on the aged films shows that the grain size and the surface roughness of the annealed films increase with the ageing of the precursor solution. From XPS analysis we have detected the presence of non-transformed RuCl3 in case of films prepared from aged solution. We propose, that solution ageing inhibits the transformation of RuCl3 to RuO2 during the annealing of the films. The deterioration of the conductivity with solution ageing is thought to be related with the chloride contamination in the annealed films.

Effect of Precursor Sol Ageing on Sol-Gel Derived Ruthenium Oxide Thin Films

Understanding on the effect of morphology towards the hydrogen and carbon monoxide sensing characteristics of tin oxide sensing elements

An RBS study has been carried out to study the relative extent of Pb diffusion in the substrate from PZT films. It is found that extensive diffusion of Pb occurs into the quartz substrate making the film severely deficient in Pb. No such diffusion occurs in the case of PZT films on sapphire and the concentration of Pb is near stoichiometric, except for a small loss due to volatilization. Excessive Pb deficiency, rather than any epitaxial effect, has earlier been proposed by us to be the crucial factor responsible for the existence of the pyrochlore phase in PZT thin films on substrates such as Si, glass, quartz etc. The present results confirm this. The effects of other process variables such as thickness and chemical composition (Zr/Ti ratio) of the film can also be understood in terms of the same phenomenon.

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Interfacial mechanisms controlling phase formation in sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films

Highly (100) oriented Ba0.Sr 0.Ti 8 Mn3O 3 thin films were deposited on (100) LaA103 (LAO) substrate by sol-gel technique. We have studied systematically the effect of Mn doping on the degree of texturing, surface morphology, dielectric properties and phase transition behavior of barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films. Up to 3 at % Mn doping the degree of (100) texturing and grain size of BST (50/50) thin films were markedly improved, which led to an increased tunability from 29% (undoped) to 39% (3 at % Mn doped); measured at 1 MHz and 2.34V/jrn bias field. The transition and Curie-Weiss temperatures of BST (50/50) thin films were found to be about 266 K and 185 K respectively, which confirmed the first order phase transition in the films. The variation of transition temperatures as a function of Mn doping contents in BST (50/50) thin films were influenced by the variation of stress state and surface morphology modifications induced by Mn doping. The bias field dependence of the dielectric constant and loss tangents of undoped and Mn doped films were analyzed in terms of a model based on Devonshire theory. Phase shift measurements showed that the degree of phase shift increases from 2390 to 3370 with 0 to 3 at% Mn doping. The insertion loss also increases from 5.4 dB (undoped) to 9.9 dB (3 at % Mn doped) with doping content so that there is no effective improvement in the ic factor, which remains in the range of 33 - 44 0 /dB. Modification in surface

S. B. Majumder

Papers

Effect of Precursor Sol Ageing on Sol-Gel Derived Ruthenium Oxide Thin Films

Understanding on the effect of morphology towards the hydrogen and carbon monoxide sensing characteristics of tin oxide sensing elements

Interfacial mechanisms controlling phase formation in sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films

Investigations on Sol-Gel Derived Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Ti 1-δ Mn δ O 3 (δ = 0.0 to 5.0 at%) Thin Films for Phase Shifter Applications

Effect of interface coupling between polarization and magnetization in La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 (LPMO)/P(VDF-TrFE) flexible nanocomposite films