S. Zhang

TL;DR: The authors used a global climate model to compare the effectiveness of many climate forcing agents for producing climate change and found that replacing traditional instantaneous and adjusted forcings with an easily computed alternative, Fs, yields a better predictor of climate change, i.e., its efficacies are closer to unity.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880-2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the "alternative" scenario of Hansen and Sato (2004).

TL;DR: This article carried out climate simulations for 1880-2003 with GISS modelE driven by ten measured or estimated climate forcings and compared side-by-side simulated climate change for each forcing, all forcings, observations, unforced variability among model ensemble members and, if available, observed variability.

TL;DR: This article carried out climate simulations for 1880-2003 with GISS modelE driven by ten measured or estimated climate forcings and compared side-by-side simulated climate change for each forcing, all forcings, observations, unforced variability among model ensemble members and, if available, observed variability.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880-2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the 'alternative' scenario of Hansen and Sato.