자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

While privacy is a highly cherished value, few would argue with the notion that absolute privacy is unattainable. Individuals make choices in which they surrender a certain degree of privacy in exchange for outcomes that are perceived to be worth the risk of information disclosure. This research attempts to better understand the delicate balance between privacy risk beliefs and confidence and enticement beliefs that influence the intention to provide personal information necessary to conduct transactions on the Internet. A theoretical model that incorporated contrary factors representing elements of a privacy calculus was tested using data gathered from 369 respondents. Structural equations modeling (SEM) using LISREL validated the instrument and the proposed model. The results suggest that although Internet privacy concerns inhibit e-commerce transactions, the cumulative influence of Internet trust and personal Internet interest are important factors that can outweigh privacy risk perceptions in the decision to disclose personal information when an individual uses the Internet. These findings provide empirical support for an extended privacy calculus model.

An Extended Privacy Calculus Model for E-Commerce Transactions

To date, many important threads of information privacy research have developed, but these threads have not been woven together into a cohesive fabric. This paper provides an interdisciplinary review of privacy-related research in order to enable a more cohesive treatment. With a sample of 320 privacy articles and 128 books and book sections, we classify previous literature in two ways: (1) using an ethics-based nomenclature of normative, purely descriptive, and empirically descriptive, and (2) based on their level of analysis: individual, group, organizational, and societal.

Based upon our analyses via these two classification approaches, we identify three major areas in which previous research contributions reside: the conceptualization of information privacy, the relationship between information privacy and other constructs, and the contextual nature of these relationships.

As we consider these major areas, we draw three overarching conclusions. First, there are many theoretical developments in the body of normative and purely descriptive studies that have not been addressed in empirical research on privacy. Rigorous studies that either trace processes associated with, or test implied assertions from, these value-laden arguments could add great value. Second, some of the levels of analysis have received less attention in certain contexts than have others in the research to date. Future empirical studies-both positivist and interpretive--could profitably be targeted to these under-researched levels of analysis. Third, positivist empirical studies will add the greatest value if they focus on antecedents to privacy concerns and on actual outcomes. In that light, we recommend that researchers be alert to an overarching macro model that we term APCO (Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes).

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Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review

Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure

This article presents a theoretical approach that may be used to understand the way individuals regulate disclosure of private information. The communication boundary management perspective, while more generally applicable, in this presentation focuses on the way marital couples manage talking about private matters with each other. This theoretical perspective presents a boundary coordination process representing couples’management of communication boundaries in balancing a need for difclosure with the need for privacy. The theory identifies the prerequisite conditions for disclosure and the message strategies a disclosing spouse may use to tell private information, as well as the strategic messages the marital partner may use to reply. In addition, a proposal for the way the disclosing spouse and receiving partner manage the coordination of their communication boundaries is presented.

Communication Boundary Management: A Theoretical Model of Managing Disclosure of Private Information Between Marital Couples

For families, managing private information is challenging. Family members reveal too much, they allow more privacy access to outsiders than others desire, parents attempt to negotiate Internet disclosures with their teens, and family health issues often change the way private information is defined altogether. The complexities of privacy regulation call for a systematic way to grasp how privacy management operates in families. This article presents the evidenced-based theory of communication privacy management (CPM) and corresponding research on family privacy regulation that provides a road map to understand the multifaceted nature of managing private information (Petronio, 2002). The article discusses contributions of CPM to conceptualizing privacy in meaningful ways, along with current research trends and future directions for CPM research and theorizing.

Communication Privacy Management Theory: What Do We Know About Family Privacy Regulation?

Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction to the Secrets of Private Disclosures. L.B. Rosenfeld, Overview of the Ways Privacy, Secrecy, and Disclosure Are Balanced in Today's Society. Part II: Standpoints on Secrets of Private Disclosures. K. Dindia, Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure, Reciprocity of Self-Disclosure, and Self-Disclosure and Liking: Three Meta-Analyses Reviewed. S. Petronio, The Boundaries of Privacy: Praxis of Everyday Life. Part III: Balancing Private Disclosures of HIV/AIDS in Relationships. V.J. Derlega, B.A. Winstead, L. Folk-Barron, Reasons for and Against Disclosing HIV-Seropositive Test Results to an Intimate Partner: A Functional Perspective. R.J.W. Cline, N.J. McKenzie, Dilemmas of Disclosure in the Age of HIV/AIDS: Balancing Privacy and Protection in the Health Care Context. G.A. Yep, Disclosure of HIV Infection in Interpersonal Relationships: A Communication Boundary Management Approach. D.C. Brouwer, Nonverbal Vernacular Tactics of HIV Discovery Among Gay Men. Part IV: Balancing Private Disclosures From Health Care to Illness. C.H. Tardy, Self-Disclosure and Health: Revisiting Sidney Jourard's Hypothesis. K. Greene, Disclosure of Chronic Illness Varies by Topic and Target: The Role of Stigma and Boundaries in Willingness to Disclose. R. Parrott, V. Duncan, A. Duggan, Promoting Patients' Full and Honest Disclosure During Conversations With Health Caregivers. Part V: Balancing the Secrets of Private Disclosure in Close Relationships. M.E. Roloff, D.E. Ifert, Conflict Management Through Avoidance: Withholding Complaints, Suppressing Arguments, and Declaring Topics Taboo. W.A. Afifi, L.K. Guerrero, Motivations Underlying Topic Avoidance in Close Relationships. A.L.S. Buslig, J.K. Burgoon, Aggressiveness in Privacy-Seeking Behavior. L. Cooks, Family Secrets and the Lie of Identity. Part VI: Balancing Private Disclosures in the Media and Across Cultures. D.L. Rubin, H. Yang, M. Porte, A Comparison of Self-Reported Self-Disclosure Among Chinese and North Americans. S.O. Hastings, "Egocasting" in the Avoidance of Disclosure: An Intercultural Perspective. V.O. Orrego, S.W. Smith, M.M. Mitchell, A.J. Johnson, K.A. Yun, B. Greenberg, Disclosure and Privacy Issues on Television Talk Shows. Part VII: Balancing the Secret Boundaries of Private and Public Disclosures. P.D. Schultz, Sex Offender Community Notification Policies: Balancing Privacy and Disclosure. L.E. Dieckmann, Private Secrets and Public Disclosures: The Case of Battered Women. Part VIII: Balancing Future Considerations. L.A. Baxter, E.M. Sahlstein, Some Possible Directions for Future Research. S.M. Jones, S. Petronio, Epilogue: Taking Stock.

Balancing the Secrets of Private Disclosures

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most pressing health issues of this century. HIV also has ramifications for the relationships and daily lives of those infected and affected by the disease. One of the most widely recommended AIDS prevention options revolves around whether or not to disclose about ones HIV positive status to others--particularly to potential sex partners. In this volume we consider the impact of HIV disclosure for AIDS prevention. Relying on a theory of privacy and communication (communication privacy management theory) we explore the impact of HIV disclosure for a wider range of issues including communication social interactions and the development and maintenance of personal relationships. This book focuses on choices to disclose or not disclose an HIV positive diagnosis. These decisions about disclosure and privacy are critical for how people with HIV live and manage their relationships. Because the book pointedly focuses on disclosure of HIV infection it is at once unique and yet of interest to a wide variety of related fields of study. The focus of this book is on private voluntary relational disclosure (e.g. "Should I tell you about the diagnosis?") not on forced or public disclosure (e.g. "Information about my HIV diagnosis was divulged to others by a public health worker"). Disclosure is examined in a variety of social contexts including in relationships with intimate partners families friends health workers and coworkers. Of particular interest is examination of decisions to disclose an HIV diagnosis (e.g. reasons for disclosure stigma and relational quality) disclosure message features and consequences of disclosure of HIV infection (e.g. social support physical health sexual behavior self-identity relationships with family and others in ones social network). (excerpt)

Sandra Petronio

Papers

Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure

Communication Boundary Management: A Theoretical Model of Managing Disclosure of Private Information Between Marital Couples

Communication Privacy Management Theory: What Do We Know About Family Privacy Regulation?

Balancing the Secrets of Private Disclosures

Privacy and disclosure of HIV in interpersonal relationships : a sourcebook for researchers and practitioners