Part I Theoretical concepts: introduction suboptimal nonlinear filters a tutorial on particle filters Cramer-Rao bounds for nonlinear filtering Part II Tracking applications: tracking a ballistic object bearings-only tracking range-only tracking bistatic radar tracking tracking targets through blind Doppler terrain aided tracking detection and tracking of stealthy targets group and extended object tracking

Beyond the Kalman Filter: Particle Filters for Tracking Applications

http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/AFMImages/butt_AFM.pdf

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

to be done in this area. Face recognition is a problem that scarcely clamoured for attention before the computer age but, having surfaced, has involved a wide range of techniques and has attracted the attention of some fine minds (David Mumford was a Fields Medallist in 1974). This singular application of mathematical modelling to a messy applied problem of obvious utility and importance but with no unique solution is a pretty one to share with students: perhaps, returning to the source of our opening quotation, we may invert Duncan's earlier observation, 'There is an art to find the mind's construction in the face!'.

Linear and nonlinear waves, by G. B. Whitham. Pp.636. £50. 1999. ISBN 0 471 35942 4 (Wiley).

This book describes and explains the fundamental physical processes involved in bubble dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation. It is intended as a combination of a reference book for those scientists and engineers who work with cavitation or bubble dynamics and as a monograph for advanced students interested in some of the basic problems associated with this category of multiphase flows. A basic knowledge of fluid flow and heat transfer is assumed but otherwise the analytical methods presented are developed from basic principles.

The book begins with a chapter on nucleation and describes both the theory and observations of nucleation in flowing and non-flowing systems. The following three chapters provide a systematic treatment of the dynamics of the growth, collapse or oscillation of individual bubbles in otherwise quiescent liquids. Chapter 4 summarizes the state of knowledge of the motion of bubbles in liquids. Chapter 5 describes some of the phenomena which occur in homogeneous bubbly flows with particular emphasis on cloud cavitation and this is followed by a chapter summarizing some of the experiemntal observations of cavitating flows. The last chapter provides a review of the free streamline methods used to treat separated cavity flows with large attached cavities.

/pdf/cavitation-and-bubble-dynamics-1vfop84jck.pdf

Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Simulation of a neutron scattering method for measuring void fraction in two-phase flow

Zinc oxide is of great interest for advanced energy devices because of its low cost, wide direct bandgap, non‐toxicity, and facile electrochemistry. In zinc alkaline batteries, ZnO plays a critical role in electrode passivation, a process that hinders commercialization and remains poorly understood. Here, novel observations of an electroactive type of ZnO formed in Zn‐metal alkaline electrodes are disclosed. The electrical conductivity of battery‐formed ZnO is measured and found to vary by factors of up to 104, which provides a first‐principles‐based understanding of Zn passivation in industrial alkaline batteries. Simultaneous with this conductivity change, protons are inserted into the crystal structure and electrons are inserted into the conduction band in quantities up to ≈1020 cm−3 and ≈1 mAh gZnO−1. Electron insertion causes blue electrochromic coloration with efficiencies and rates competitive with leading electrochromic materials. The electroactivity of ZnO is evidently enabled by rapid crystal growth, which forms defects that complex with inserted cations, charge‐balanced by the increase of conduction band electrons. This property distinguishes electroactive ZnO from inactive classical ZnO. Knowledge of this phenomenon is applied to improve cycling performance of industrial‐design electrodes at 50% zinc utilization and the authors propose other uses for ZnO such as electrochromic devices.

Electroactive ZnO: Mechanisms, Conductivity, and Advances in Zn Alkaline Battery Cycling

The velocity of a microchannel flow was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using a 50nm wide “whisker,” which was partially submerged and scanned transverse to the flow while drag was recorded. A peaked, near parabolic, flow velocity profile was found. Particle image velocity (PIV) measurements using 70nm diameter quantum-dot-coated polystyrene spheres confirmed the shape of the AFM-measured velocity profile. AFM-based nanometer resolution velocimetry confirms that the drag-velocity relationship for the whisker remains consistent over a wide range of shear values and appears to successfully resolve submicron scale flows, which are beyond the limits of conventional PIV measurements.

Nanoscale resolution microchannel flow velocimetry by atomic force microscopy

In horizontal two-phase flow, transition from stratified to slug flow occurs due to the nonlinear instability of finite amplitude interfacial waves. The nonlinear equations describing interfacial waves in stratified two-phase flow are solved by a multiple scales perturbation method. Instability criteria and amplification factors are determined. The phase velocities that are calculated to lead to amplification of finite amplitude interfacial waves are well below those based on linear stability criteria. This is in agreement with existing experimental data on transition from stratified to slug flow in horizontal channels.

Sanjoy Banerjee

Papers

Simulation of a neutron scattering method for measuring void fraction in two-phase flow

Electroactive ZnO: Mechanisms, Conductivity, and Advances in Zn Alkaline Battery Cycling

Nanoscale resolution microchannel flow velocimetry by atomic force microscopy

Finite amplitude waves in stratified two‐phase flow: Transition to slug flow

Non-equilibrium particle-field simulations of polymer-nanocomposite dynamics