As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that have come to the forefront recently. In this paper, a detailed review has been conducted to highlight different related aspects to biodiesel industry. These aspects include, biodiesel feedstocks, extraction and production methods, properties and qualities of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable oil, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel, the economical viability and finally the future of biodiesel. The literature reviewed was selective and critical. Highly rated journals in scientific indexes were the preferred choice, although other non-indexed publications, such as Scientific Research and Essays or some internal reports from highly reputed organizations such as International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Information Administration (EIA) and British Petroleum (BP) have also been cited. Based on the overview presented, it is clear that the search for beneficial biodiesel sources should focus on feedstocks that do not compete with food crops, do not lead to land-clearing and provide greenhouse-gas reductions. These feedstocks include non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum , and more recently microalgae and genetically engineered plants such as poplar and switchgrass have emerged to be very promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. It has been found that feedstock alone represents more than 75% of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, selecting the best feedstock is vital to ensure low production cost. It has also been found that the continuity in transesterification process is another choice to minimize the production cost. Biodiesel is currently not economically feasible, and more research and technological development are needed. Thus supporting policies are important to promote biodiesel research and make their prices competitive with other conventional sources of energy. Currently, biodiesel can be more effective if used as a complement to other energy sources.

A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics

World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and industrial economies. There are different potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. Non-edible vegetable oils which are known as the second generation feedstocks can be considered as promising substitutions for traditional edible food crops for the production of biodiesel. The use of non-edible plant oils is very significant because of the tremendous demand for edible oils as food source. Moreover, edible oils’ feedstock costs are far expensive to be used as fuel. Therefore, production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is an effective way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils. However, the potential of converting non-edible oil into biodiesel must be well examined. This is because physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from any feedstock must comply with the limits of ASTM and DIN EN specifications for biodiesel fuels. This paper introduces non-edible vegetable oils to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Several aspects related to these feedstocks have been reviewed from various recent publications. These aspects include overview of non-edible oil resources, advantages of non-edible oils, problems in exploitation of non-edible oils, fatty acid composition profiles (FAC) of various non-edible oils, oil extraction techniques, technologies of biodiesel production from non-edible oils, biodiesel standards and characterization, properties and characteristic of non-edible biodiesel and engine performance and emission production. As a conclusion, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil sources and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel.

Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production

Due to fast climate change and foreseen damage through global warming, access to clean and green energy has become very much essential for the sustainable development of the society, globally. Biomass based energy is one of the important renewable energy resources to meet the day to day energy requirements and is as old as the human civilization. Biomass gasification is among few important aspects of bioenergy for producing heat, power and biofuels for useful applications. Despite, the availability of vast literature, technological and material advancements, the dissemination of gasification technology could not overcome the critical barriers for the widespread acceptability over the conventional energy resources. This article presents a comprehensive review on the technical advancements, developments of biomass gasification technology and the barriers being faced by different stakeholders in the wide dissemination of the technology for day to day requirements of the society, followed by recommendations for policy makers to make this technology popular while serving the society.

Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: A comprehensive review

Production and comparison of fuel properties, engine performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils: A review

Plant biomass are woody and non-wood materials (e.g., oil palm, bamboo, rattan, bagasse, and kenaf) and are abundant and renewable resource. Unfortunately, the heavy reliance on this resource is a threat to forest ecosystems and a recipe for accelerated land resource degradation. Due to the increasing scarcity of wood resources, many rural communities have shifted to utilization of crop residues for many different applications. The non-wood biomass is readily available, environmental friendly, and technologically suitable, and therefore, an excellent raw material for the future. The non-wood materials like bamboo, rattan, oil palm, and bagasse have superior properties and durability, which can be further prolonged by the modifi cation treatment. The modifi cation treatments increase the performance of the non-wood and could make it suitable for applications in many fi elds ranging from construction industry to automotive industry. This chapter deals with the properties improvement techniques of the selected non-wood biomasses and evaluates its applications for various purposes. The new developments dealing with the improvement of non-wood properties have also been presented in the chapter. The performance of non-wood biomass materials has been compared to the wood-based materials. Recent studies pertaining to the above topics have also been cited. Finally, the advanced applications of the improved non-wood biomasses have been highlighted.

Biomass and bioenergy

The combustion of rice husk in fluidised bed combustors seems to be an attractive possibility for power generation in the future, keeping in view the waste disposal problems and the reduction of greenhouse gases. In commercial installations, the occurrence of agglomeration is still one of the main reasons for unscheduled outrages. In this paper, a review of agglomeration mechanism and its prevention has been made by considering the case study of a 3.5 MW rice husk-based power plant situated at Nahar Spinning Mills Ltd. (NSML), Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Proximate, SEM analysis and quantitative elementary analysis of agglomerates samples taken from plant has been done and corrective measures have been suggested. TGA of rice husk taken from the plant has also been done to correlate it with agglomeration. The agglomeration and defluidisation in 3.5 MW NSML Ludhiana using rice husk particles is caused by high potassium content in the fuel. It is not possible to measure localised temperature, which may exceed 90...

Study of agglomeration in 3.5 MW AFBC using rice husk particles

http://tudr.thapar.edu:8080/jspui/bitstream/10266/1066/3/1066.pdf

Study of Performance of an Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combuster Using Rice Waste

Comparative Study Of Non Edible Bio Diesel Fuel

Stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of using different types of fuel samples in terms of emission characteristics and feasibility of using alternative fuels. A total of four fuel samples, such as 100% diesel fuel (D100); 20% jatropha biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel (JB20); 20% palm biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel (PB20); and 10% jatropha biodiesel, 10% palm biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel (JPB20) respectively were used to analyze the performance on the basis of brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions referring to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Short-term engine performance tests are conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, variable compression ratio, compression ignition engine using the four fuel samples mentioned above at load of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 Kg and at compression ratios of 12, 14, 16. It is found from the results that biodiesels differ very little from diesel in performance and are better than diesel with regard to hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. However oxides of nitrogen are found to be higher for biodiesels but not significantly higher when compared with diesel.

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A comparative experimental study between the biodiesels of jatropha and palm oils based on their performance and emissions in a four stroke diesel engine

http://tudr.thapar.edu:8080/jspui/bitstream/10266/2472/4/2472.pdf

Saroj Kumar Mohapatra

Papers

Study of agglomeration in 3.5 MW AFBC using rice husk particles

Study of Performance of an Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combuster Using Rice Waste

Comparative Study Of Non Edible Bio Diesel Fuel

A comparative experimental study between the biodiesels of jatropha and palm oils based on their performance and emissions in a four stroke diesel engine

Investigation On Slurry Transportation Performance Of Coal-Water Mixture At High Concentrations