Seemay Chou

TL;DR: The ability of Tat to enable two different classes of elongation factors to cooperate and coordinate their actions on the same polymerase enzyme explains why Tat is such a powerful activator of HIV-1 transcription.

TL;DR: The Bacteroidetes system is a distinct pathway with marked differences in gene content and high evolutionary divergence from the canonical T6S pathway, offering a potential molecular explanation for the abundance of Bacteroids in polymicrobial environments, the observed stability in healthy humans, and the barrier presented by the microbiota against pathogens.

TL;DR: It is shown that the homologous ENL and AF9 exist in separate SECs with similar but nonidentical functions, and the YEATS domain of ENL/AF9 targets SEC to Pol II on chromatin through contacting the human Polymerase-Associated Factor complex (PAFc) complex.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the production of SEs plays a role not only in classical staphylococcal infections but also in noninfectious diseases.

TL;DR: Novel T6S peptidoglycan glycoside hydrolase effector-immunity families are identified and a representative pair is structurally and functionally characterized, and self-intoxication is prevented by the immunity protein through direct occlusion of the effector active site.