The WPA-Lancet Psychiatry Commission on the Future of Psychiatry

Global mental health and COVID-19.

Violence, psychological trauma, and risk attitudes: Evidence from victims of violence in Colombia

BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent during antenatal and postnatal stages of pregnancy. The effect of depression can be seen in complications during and after pregnancy, fetal growth retardation, abortions and preterm births. The literature abounds on postpartum depression (PD) while few studies are on antepartum depression (AD).
AIM: The systematic review aims to compute the prevalence of AD from published articles.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The published articles (26) used in this review were obtained from the search of the search keywords â€œDepressive conditions in pregnancy AND trimestersâ€. All the articles were considered irrespective of language and their citation status as of the time of the query. Only articles that presented the prevalence mean and sample size were included. Articles on questionnaires filled by nonpregnant women and men were excluded. Articles that presented the prevalence of depression for the postpartum period only were excluded but were included if they addressed depression at both postpartum and trimester(s) of pregnancy. P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: Analysis of the 26 articles showed that 4,303 subjects tested positive for depression in a sample of 28,248 pregnant mothers, giving the prevalence rate as 15%. Confounding was removed, and the sample size was adjusted to be 25,771 and 4,223 were screened to have depressive symptoms, thereby giving a new prevalence rate as 16.4%. It was also revealed that AD is most prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy and least in the second trimester. Pregnancy duration and PD are not correlated with AD. This implies that AD can be observed in any period of the pregnancy and cannot predict the incidence of PD.
CONCLUSION: Efforts must be intensified to monitor pregnant women during the third trimester to reduce the incidence of maternal depression during pregnancy, thereby reducing the prevalence.

/pdf/systematic-review-of-prevalence-of-antepartum-depression-2neeck3nyp.pdf

Systematic Review of Prevalence of Antepartum Depression during the Trimesters of Pregnancy

Violence Against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries

While conflict-induced forced migration is a global phenomenon, the situation in Colombia, South America, is distinctive. Colombia has ranked either first or second in the number of internally displaced persons for 10 years, a consequence of decades of armed conflict compounded by high prevalence of drug trafficking. The displacement trajectory for displaced persons in Colombia proceeds through a sequence of stages: (1) pre-expulsion threats and vulnerability, (2) expulsion, (3) migration, (4) initial adaptation to relocation, (5) protracted resettlement (the end point for most forced migrants), and, rarely, (6) return to the community of origin. Trauma signature analysis, an evidence-based method that elucidates the physical and psychological consequences associated with exposures to harm and loss during disasters and complex emergencies, was used to identify the psychological risk factors and potentially traumatic events experienced by conflict-displaced persons in Colombia, stratified across the phases of displacement. Trauma and loss are experienced differentially throughout the pathway of displacement.

Internally displaced "victims of armed conflict" in Colombia: the trajectory and trauma signature of forced migration

A hallmark of Colombia is population-wide exposure to violence. To understand the realities of mental health in Colombia requires attention to the historical context of 60 years of unrelenting armed conflict overlaid upon high rates of homicide, gang activity and prevalent gender-based and intra-familial violence. The number of patients affected by trauma is extremely large, and the population burden of alcohol misuse and illicit drug use is significant. These patterns have brought the subspecialties of trauma and addiction psychiatry to the forefront, and highlight the need for novel treatments that integrate psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological modalities.

/pdf/mental-health-in-colombia-qsrbu98bno.pdf

Mental health in Colombia.

Venezuelan migrants in Colombia: COVID-19 and mental health.

Este estudio examina la calidad de la relacion familiar, el riesgo de depresion y la asociacion existente entre estos dos aspectos en estudiantes de Medicina. Con tal fin se encuestaron 287 estudiantes del primero al quinto ano. La evaluacion de la calidad de la relacion familiar se hizo mediante una escala validada en el presente estudio. Los resultados dan a conocer una relacion familiar de gran calidad en la mayoria de los estudiantes (72.1%). Para medir riesgo de depresion se aplico la escala de Zung, los hallazgos muestran una prevalencia del 30.3% siendo mayor para la forma leve (20.9%), un 7.0% para la moderada y solo un 2.4% fue detectado como riesgo de depresion severa. La calidad de la relacion familiar fue pobre para el 8.3% de los estudiantes con riesgo de depresion leve, asi como para el 15% de los estudiantes que puntuaron para riesgo de depresion moderada, y para el 42.9% del total de estudiantes con riesgo de depresion severa. Solo el 0.5% de los 200 estudiantes que resultaron sin riesgo de depresion tenia una calidad de la relacion familiar pobre. Las autoras sugieren que las investigaciones en estudiantes de medicina dirigidas a detectar factores que disminuyen su bienestar, deben ser seguidas de intervenciones enfocadas a corregir factores de riesgo que aumentan su vulnerabilidad a diferentes problemas de salud mental, entre ellos la depresion

Calidad de la relación familiar y depresión en estudiantes de medicina de Medellín, Colombia, 2000

Colombia, South America is currently transitioning to post-conflict status following 6 decades of armed conflict. The population has experienced extensive exposures to potentially traumatic events throughout the lifespan. Sources of trauma exposure include the prolonged armed insurgency, narco-trafficking violence, urban gang violence, violent actions of criminal bands, intra-familial violence, gender-based violence, and sex trafficking. Exposure to potentially traumatic events is related to a variety of psychiatric outcomes, in particular, posttraumatic stress disorder. Given this context of lifetime trauma exposure, socio-demographic patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder were explored in a sample of residents of Medellin, Colombia, the nation's second largest city and a nexus for multiple types of trauma exposure.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21665044.2016.1263086

Silvia L. Gaviria

Papers

Internally displaced "victims of armed conflict" in Colombia: the trajectory and trauma signature of forced migration

Mental health in Colombia.

Venezuelan migrants in Colombia: COVID-19 and mental health.

Calidad de la relación familiar y depresión en estudiantes de medicina de Medellín, Colombia, 2000

Socio-demographic patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in Medellin, Colombia and the context of lifetime trauma exposure.